Methods of preparing cytotoxic benzodiazepine derivatives

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to novel methods for preparing indolinobenzodiazepine dimer compounds and their synthetic precursors.

REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of the filing date, under 35 U.S.C.§ 119(e), of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/327,973, filed on Apr.26, 2016, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/195,023, filed on Jul.21, 2015. The entire contents of each of the above-referencedapplications are incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to novel methods for preparing cytotoxicindolinobenzodiazepine derivatives.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

It has been shown that cell-binding agent conjugates ofindolinobenzodiazepine dimers that have one imine functionality and oneamine functionality display a much higher therapeutic index (ratio ofmaximum tolerated dose to minimum effective dose) in vivo compared topreviously disclosed benzodiazepine derivatives having two iminefunctionalities. See, for example, WO 2012/128868. The previouslydisclosed method for making the indolinobenzodiazepine dimers with oneimine functionality and one amine functionality involves partialreduction of indolinobenzodiazepine dimers having two iminefunctionalities. The partial reduction step generally leads to theformation of fully reduced by-product and unreacted starting material,which requires cumbersome purification step and results in low yield.

Thus, there exists a need for improved methods for preparing theindolinobenzodiazepine dimers that are more efficient and suitable forlarge scale manufacturing process.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides various methods for preparingindolinobenzodiazepine dimer compounds and their synthetic precursors.Compared to the previously disclosed method, the methods of the presentinvention can produce the desired dimer compounds with higher yieldwithout the need of cumbersome purification steps. These methods aremore suitable for large scale manufacturing process.

In a first embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (2a),

or a salt thereof, said method comprising introducing an alcoholprotecting group onto one of the primary alcohols of a compound offormula (1a) by reacting the compound of formula (1a) with an alcoholprotecting reagent,

wherein P₁ is the alcohol protecting group; and R₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl,pyridyl, or nitropyridyl.

In a second embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (3a),

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a halogenatingreagent or a sulfonating reagent or an esterification reagent with acompound of formula (2a),

wherein P₁ is an alcohol protecting group; X₁ is a leaving groupselected from the group consisting of: —Br, —I, —Cl, a sulfonate ester,and an activated ester (preferably, X₁ is —Br, —I, or a sulfonateester); and R₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, or nitropyridyl.

In a third embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (4a),

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a compound of formula(3a)

with a monomer compound of the formula (a₁),

wherein P₁ is an alcohol protecting group; X₁ is a leaving groupselected from the group consisting of: —Br, —I, —Cl, a sulfonate ester,and an activated ester (preferably, X₁ is —Br, —I, or a sulfonateester); and R₁₀₁ is is (C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, or nitropyridyl.

In a fourth embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (5a),

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a compound of formula(4a),

with an imine reducing agent, wherein P₁ is an alcohol protecting group;and R₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, or nitropyridyl.

In a fifth embodiment, the present invention provides method ofpreparing a compound of formula (6a),

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a compound of formula(5a),

with an alcohol deprotecting reagent, wherein P₁ is an alcoholprotecting group; and R₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, or nitropyridyl.

In a sixth embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (7a),

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a halogenatingreagent, a sulfonating reagent or an esterification reagent with theprimary alcohol compound of formula (6a),

wherein X₂ is a leaving group selected from the group consisting of:—Br, —I, —Cl, a sulfonate ester, and an activated ester (preferably, X₂is —Br, —I, or a sulfonate ester); and R₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, ornitropyridyl.

In a seventh embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (7a″)

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a compound of formula(5a″)

with an alcohol deprotecting reagent and a halogenating reagent, whereinP₁′ is an acid labile alcohol protecting group; X₂′ is —Br or —I; andR₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, or nitropyridyl.

In a eighth embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (Ia′),

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said method comprisingreacting a compound of formula (7a)

with a monomer compound of the formula (a₁)

wherein R₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, or nitropyridyl; and, X₂ is aleaving group selected from the group consisting of: —Br, —I, —Cl, asulfonate ester, and an activated ester (preferably, X₂ is —Br, —I, or asulfonate ester).

In a ninth embodiment, the present invention provides a method offorming a compound of formula (Ia′),

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said method comprisingthe steps of:

(1) introducing an alcohol protecting group onto one of the primaryalcohols of a compound of formula (1a),

to form a compound of formula (2a),

(2) reacting the compound of formula (2a) with a halogenating reagent, asulfonating reagent, or an esterification reagent to form a compound offormula (3a),

(3) reacting the compound of formula (3a) with a monomer compound of theformula (a₁),

to form a compound of formula (4a),

(4) reacting the compound of formula (4a) with an imine reducing agentto form a compound of formula (5a),

(5) reacting the compound of formula (5a) with an alcohol deprotectingreagent to form a compound of formula (6a),

(6) reacting the compound of formula (6a) with a second halogenatingreagent, a second sulfonating reagent or a second esterification reagentto form a compound of formula (7a),

and

(7) reacting the compound of formula (7a) with a monomer compound of theformula (a₁),

to form the compound of formula (Ia′); wherein P₁ is an alcoholprotecting group; X₁ and X₂ are each independently a leaving groupselected from the group consisting of: —Br, —I, —Cl, a sulfonate ester,and an activated ester (preferably, X₁ and X₂ are each independently—Br, —I, or a sulfonate ester); and R₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, ornitropyridyl.

In a tenth embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (Ia′),

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said method comprisingthe steps of:

(1) introducing an alcohol protecting group onto one of the primaryalcohols of a compound of formula (1a),

to form a compound of formula (2a″),

(2) reacting the compound of formula (2a″) with a halogenating reagent,a sulfonating reagent or an esterification reagent to form a compound offormula (3a″),

(3) reacting the compound of formula (3a″) with a monomer compound ofthe formula (a₁),

to form a compound of formula (4a″),

(4) reacting the compound of formula (4a″) with an imine reducing agentto form a compound of formula (5a″),

(5) reacting the compound of formula (5a″) with an alcohol deprotectingreagent and a halogenating reagent to form a compound of formula (7a″),

(6) reacting a compound of formula (7a″) with a monomer compound of theformula (a₁),

to form the compound of formula (Ia′), wherein X₂′ is —Br or —I; and theremaining variables are as described above in the ninth embodiment.

In a eleventh embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (9a),

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a compound of formula(4a),

with an alcohol deprotecting reagent, wherein P₁ is an alcoholprotecting group; and R₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, or nitropyridyl.

In a twelfth embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (10a),

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting the compound offormula (9a) with a halogenating reagent, a sulfonating reagent or anesterification reagent,

wherein X₂ is —Br, —I, —Cl, a sulfonate ester, and an activated ester(preferably, X₂ is —Br, —I, or a sulfonate ester); and R₁₀₁ is(C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, or nitropyridyl.

In a thirteenth embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (18d),

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a compound of formula(10a)

with a monomer compound of the formula (d₁),

wherein X₂ is a leaving group selected from the group consisting of:—Br, —I, —Cl, a sulfonate ester, and an activated ester (preferably, X₂is —Br, —I, or a sulfonate ester); P₃ is H or P₂; P₂ is an amineprotecting group; and R₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, or nitropyridyl.

In a fourteenth embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (Ia′),

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said method comprisingreacting a compound of formula (11a),

with an amine deprotecting reagent, wherein P₂ is an amine protectinggroup; and R₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, or nitropyridyl.

In a fifteenth embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (Ia′),

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said method comprisingthe steps of:

(1) introducing an alcohol protecting group onto one of the primaryalcohols of the compound of formula (1a),

to form a compound of formula (2a),

(2) reacting the compound of formula (2a) with a halogenating reagent, asulfonating reagent or an esterification reagent to form a compound offormula (3a),

(3) reacting the compound of formula (3a) with a monomer compound of theformula (a₁),

to form a compound of formula (4a),

(4) reacting the compound of formula (4a) with an alcohol deprotectingreagent to form a compound of formula (9a),

(5) reacting the compound of formula (9a) with a second halogenatingreagent, a second sulfonating reagent or a second esterification reagentto form a compound of formula (10a),

(6) reacting the compound of formula (10a) with a monomer compound ofthe formula (d₁)

to form a compound of formula (18a),

and

(7) when P₃ is an amine protecting group, reacting the compound offormula (18a) to an amine deprotecting reagent to form the compound offormula (Ia′), wherein P₁ is an alcohol protecting group; X₁ and X₂ areeach independently a leaving group selected from the group consistingof: —Br, —I, —Cl, a sulfonate ester, and an activated ester (preferably,X₁ is —Br, —I, or a sulfonate ester); P₃ is H or an amine protectinggroup; and R₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, or nitropyridyl.

In a sixteenth embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (12a),

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a compound of formula(1a),

with a halogenating reagent, a sulfonating reagent or an esterificationreagent, wherein X₁ is —Br, —I, a sulfonate ester or an activated ester(preferably, X₁ is —Br, —I, or a sulfonate ester); and R₁₀₁ is(C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, or nitropyridyl.

In a seventeenth embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (10a′),

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a compound of formula(12a),

with a monomer compound of the formula (a₁),

wherein X₁ is —Br, —I, a sulfonate ester or an activated ester(preferably, X₁ is —Br, —I, or a sulfonate ester); and R₁₀₁ is(C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, or nitropyridyl.

In a eighteenth embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (7a′),

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a compound of formula(10a)

or a salt thereof, with an imine reducing agent, wherein X₁ is —Br, —I,—Cl, a sulfonate ester, and an activated ester (preferably, X₁ is —Br,—I, or a sulfonate ester); and R₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, ornitropyridyl.

In a nineteenth embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (Ia′),

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said method comprisingthe steps of:

(1) reacting a compound of formula (1a) with a halogenating reagent, asulfonating reagent or an esterification reagent,

to form a compound of formula (12a),

(2) reacting the compound of formula (12a) with a monomer compound ofthe formula (a₁),

to form a compound of a formula (10a′),

(3) reacting the compound of formula (10a′) with a monomer compound ofthe formula (d₁),

to form a compound of formula (18a),

and

(4) when P₃ is an amine protecting group, reacting the compound offormula (18a) with an amine deprotecting reagent to form the compound offormula (Ia′), wherein X₁ is —Br, —I, —Cl, a sulfonate ester, and anactivated ester (preferably, X₁ is —Br, —I, or a sulfonate ester); P₃ isH or an amine protecting group; and R₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, ornitropyridyl.

In a twentieth embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (Ia′),

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said method comprisingthe steps of:

(1) reacting a halogenating reagent, a sulfonating reagent or anesterification reagent with a compound of formula (1a),

to form a compound of formula (12a),

(2) reacting the compound of formula (12a) with a monomer compound ofthe formula (a₁),

to form a compound of a formula (10a′),

(3) reacting the compound (10a′) with an imine reducing reagent to forma compound (7a′),

(4) reacting the compound of formula (7a′) with a monomer compound ofthe formula (a₁),

to form a compound of formula (Ia′), or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof, wherein X₁ is —Br, —I, —Cl, a sulfonate ester, or anactivated ester (preferably, X₁ is —Br, —I, or a sulfonate ester); andR₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, or nitropyridyl.

In a twenty-first embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (Ia′),

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said method comprisingthe steps of:

(1) reacting a halogenating reagent, a sulfonating reagent or anesterification reagent with a compound of formula (1a),

to form a compound of formula (12a),

(2) reacting the compound of formula (12a) with a monomer compound ofthe formula (d₁),

to form a compound of a formula (7a1′),

(3) reacting the compound of formula (7a1′) with a monomer compound ofthe formula (a₁),

to form a compound of formula (18a),

and

(4) when P₃ is an amine protecting group, reacting the compound offormula (18a) with an amine deprotecting reagent to form the compound offormula (Ia′); wherein X₁ is —Br, —I, —Cl, a sulfonate ester, or anactivated ester (preferably, X₁ is —Br, —I, or a sulfonate ester); P₃ isH or an amine protecting group; and R₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, ornitropyridyl.

In a twenty-second embodiment, the present invention provides a methodof preparing a compound of formula (13a),

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a chlorinatingreagent with a compound of formula (2a),

wherein P₁ is an alcohol protecting group; X₃ is —Cl; and R₁₀₁ is(C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, or nitropyridyl.

In a twenty-third embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (14a),

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a compound of formula(13a)

with an alcohol deprotecting reagent, wherein P₁ is an alcoholprotecting group; X₃ is —Cl; and R₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, ornitropyridyl.

In a twenty-fourth embodiment, the present invention provides a methodof preparing a compound of formula (15a):

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a sulfonating reagentor an esterification reagent with a compound of formula (14a),

wherein X₃ is —Cl; X₄ is a sulfonate ester or an activated ester(preferably, X₄ is a sulfonate ester); and R₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl,pyridyl, or nitropyridyl.

In a twenty-fifth embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (20a):

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a brominating oriodinating reagent with a compound of formula (14a),

wherein X₃ is —Cl; X₅ is —Br or —I; and R₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl,or nitropyridyl.

In a twenty-sixth embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (16a):

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a compound of formula(15d)

with a monomer compound of formula (a₁),

wherein X₃ is —Cl; X₄ is a sulfonate ester or an activated ester(preferably, X₄ is a sulfonate ester); and R₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl,pyridyl, or nitropyridyl.

In a twenty-seventh embodiment, the present invention provides a methodof preparing a compound of formula (16a),

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a compound of formula(20a)

with a monomer compound of formula (a₁),

wherein X₃ is —Cl; X₅ is —Br or —I; and R₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl,or nitropyridyl.

In a twenty-eighth embodiment, the present invention provides a methodof preparing a compound of formula (16a),

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a compound of formula(14a)

with a monomer compound of formula (a₁),

wherein X₃ is —Cl; and R₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, or nitropyridyl.

In a twenty-ninth embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (18a):

a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said method comprisingreacting a compound of formula of (16a):

with a reduced monomer of formula (d₁):

wherein X₃ is —Cl; P₃ is H or an amine protecting group; and R₁₀₁ is(C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, or nitropyridyl.

In a thirtieth embodiment, the present invention provides a method forpreparing a compound of formula (17a):

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a compound of formula(15a)

with a monomer compound of formula (d₁),

wherein X₃ is —Cl; X₄ is a sulfonate ester or an activated ester(preferably, X₄ is a sulfonate ester); P₃ is H or an amine protectinggroup; and R₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, or nitropyridyl.

In a thirty-first embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (17a),

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a compound of formula(14a)

with a monomer compound of formula (d₁),

wherein X₃ is —Cl; P₃ is H or an amine protecting group; and R₁₀₁ is(C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, or nitropyridyl.

In a thirty-second embodiment, the present invention provides a methodof preparing a compound of formula (17a):

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a compound of formula(20a)

with a monomer compound of formula (d₁),

wherein X₃ is —Cl; X₅ is —Br or —I; P₃ is H or an amine protectinggroup; and R₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, or nitropyridyl.

In a thirty-third embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (17a′):

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a compound of formula(16a)

with an imine reducing agent, wherein X₃ is —Cl; and R₁₀₁ is(C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, or nitropyridyl.

In a thirty-fourth embodiment, the present invention provides a methodof preparing a compound of formula (18a),

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said method comprisingreacting a compound of formula of (17a):

with a monomer of formula (a₁):

wherein X₃ is —Cl; P₃ is H or an amine protecting group; and R₁₀₁ is(C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, or nitropyridyl.

In a thirty-fifth embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (18a),

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said method comprisingthe steps of:

(1) reacting a sulfonating reagent or an esterification reagent with thecompound of formula (14a):

or a salt thereof, to form a compound of formula (15a):

or a salt thereof;

(2) reacting the compound of formula (15a) with a monomer compound offormula (a₁),

to form a compound of formula (16a):

or a salt thereof; and

(3) reacting the compound of formula of (16a) with a reduced monomer offormula (d₁):

to form a compound of formula (18a), or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof, wherein X₃ is —Cl; X₄ is a sulfonate ester or an activatedester (preferably, a sulfonate ester); P₁ is an alcohol protectinggroup; P₃ is H or an amine protecting group; and R₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl,pyridyl, or nitropyridyl.

In a thirty-sixth embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (18a),

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said method comprisingthe steps of:

(1) reacting the compound of formula (14a):

or a salt thereof, with a monomer compound of formula (a₁),

to form a compound of formula (16a):

or a salt thereof; and

(2) reacting the compound of formula of (16a) with a reduced monomer offormula (d₁):

to form a compound of formula (18a), or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof, wherein X₃ is —Cl; P₁ is an alcohol protecting group; P₃is H or an amine protecting group; and R₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, ornitropyridyl.

In a thirty-seventh embodiment, the present invention provides a methodof preparing a compound of formula (18a),

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said method comprisingthe steps of:

(1) reacting a halogenating reagent with the compound of formula (14a):

or a salt thereof, to form a compound of formula (20a):

or a salt thereof;

(2) reacting a compound of formula (20a) or a salt thereof with amonomer compound of formula (a₁),

to form a compound of formula (16a):

or a salt thereof; and

(3) reacting the compound of formula of (16a) with a reduced monomer offormula (d₁):

to form a compound of formula (18a), or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof, wherein X₃ is —Cl; X₅ is —Br or —I; P₃ is H or an amineprotecting group; and R₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, or nitropyridyl.

In a thirty-eighth embodiment, the present invention provides a methodof preparing a compound of formula (18a),

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said method comprisingthe steps of:

(1) reacting a sulfonating reagent or an esterification reagent with thecompound of formula (14a):

or a salt thereof, to form a compound of formula (15a):

or a salt thereof;

(2) reacting the compound of formula (15a) with a reduced monomercompound of formula (d₁),

to form a compound of formula (17a):

or a salt thereof; and

(3) reacting the compound of formula of (17a) with a monomer of formula(a₁):

to form a compound of formula (18a), or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof, wherein X₃ is —Cl; X₄ is a sulfonate ester or an activatedester (preferably, a sulfonate ester); P₁ is an alcohol protectinggroup; P₃ is H or an amine protecting group; and R₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl,pyridyl, or nitropyridyl.

In a thirty-ninth embodiment, the present invention provides method ofpreparing a compound of formula (18a),

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said method comprisingthe steps of:

(1) reacting the compound of formula (14a):

or a salt thereof, with a reduced monomer compound of formula (d₁),

to form a compound of formula (17a):

or a salt thereof; and

(2) reacting the compound of formula of (17a) with a monomer of formula(a₁):

to form a compound of formula (18a), or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof, wherein X₃ is —Cl; P₁ is an alcohol protecting group; P₃is H or an amine protecting group; and R₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, ornitropyridyl.

In a fortieth embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (18a),

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said method comprisingthe steps of:

(1) reacting a brominating or iodinating reagent with the compound offormula (14a):

or a salt thereof, to form a compound of formula (20a):

or a salt thereof;

(2) reacting the compound of formula (20a) with a reduced monomercompound of formula (d₁),

to form a compound of formula (17a):

or a salt thereof; and

(3) reacting the compound of formula of (17a) with a monomer of formula(a₁):

to form a compound of formula (18a), or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof, wherein X₃ is —Cl; X₅ is —Br or —I; P₁ is an alcoholprotecting group; P₃ is H or an amine protecting group; and R₁₀₁ is(C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, or nitropyridyl.

In a forty-first embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (Ia′),

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said method comprisingthe steps of:

(1) reacting a sulfonating reagent or an esterification reagent with thecompound of formula (14a):

or a salt thereof, to form a compound of formula (15a):

or a salt thereof;

(2) reacting the compound of formula (15a) with a monomer compound offormula (a₁),

to form a compound of formula (16a):

or a salt thereof;

(3) reacting the compound of formula (16a) with an imine reducing agentto form a compound of formula (17a′):

or a salt thereof; and

(4) reacting the compound of formula (17a′) with a monomer of formula(a₁):

to form the compound of formula (Id′); wherein X₃ is —Cl; X₄ is asulfonate ester or an activated ester (preferably, a sulfonate ester);P₁ is an alcohol protecting group; P₂ is an amine protecting group; andR₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, or nitropyridyl.

In a forty-second embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (Ia′),

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said method comprisingthe steps of:

(1) reacting the compound of formula (14a):

or a salt thereof, with a monomer compound of formula (a₁),

to form a compound of formula (16a):

or a salt thereof;

(2) reacting the compound of formula (16a) with an imine reducing agentto form a compound of formula (17a′):

or a salt thereof; and

(3) reacting the compound of formula (17a′) with a monomer of formula(a₁):

to form the compound of formula (Id′); wherein X₃ is —Cl; P₁ is analcohol protecting group; and R₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, ornitropyridyl.

In a forty-third embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (Ia′),

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said method comprisingthe steps of:

(1) reacting a brominating or iodinating reagent with the compound offormula (14a):

or a salt thereof, to form a compound of formula (20a):

or a salt thereof;

(2) reacting a compound of formula (20a) or a salt thereof with amonomer compound of formula (a₁),

to form a compound of formula (16a):

(3) reacting the compound of formula (16a) with an imine reducing agentto form a compound of formula (17a′):

or a salt thereof; and

(4) reacting the compound of formula (17a′) with a monomer of formula(a₁):

to form the compound of formula (Id′); wherein X₃ is —Cl; P₁ is analcohol protecting group; and R₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, ornitropyridyl.

In a forty-fourth embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (Ia′),

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said method comprisingthe steps of:

(1) reacting a compound of formula (IA):

with a reducing agent to form a compound of formula (IB):

and

(2) reacting the compound of formula (IB) with a compound of formula(L1a),

and a compound of formula (L1b):

in the presence of a reducing agent to form the compound of formula(Ia′), wherein R₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl.

Also included in the present invention are compounds described in themethods of the present invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIGS. 1-7 show exemplary schemes for the methods of the presentinvention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Reference will now be made in detail to certain embodiments of theinvention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanyingstructures and formulas. While the invention will be described inconjunction with the enumerated embodiments, it will be understood thatthey are not intended to limit the invention to those embodiments. Onthe contrary, the invention is intended to cover all alternatives,modifications, and equivalents which may be included within the scope ofthe present invention as defined by the claims. One skilled in the artwill recognize many methods and materials similar or equivalent to thosedescribed herein, which could be used in the practice of the presentinvention.

It should be understood that any of the embodiments described herein canbe combined with one or more other embodiments of the invention, unlessexplicitly disclaimed or improper. Combination of embodiments are notlimited to those specific combinations claimed via the multipledependent claims.

Definitions

“Alkyl” as used herein refers to a saturated linear or branched-chainmonovalent hydrocarbon radical of one to twenty carbon atoms. Examplesof alkyl include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, 1-propyl,2-propyl, 1-butyl, 2-methyl-1-propyl, —CH₂CH(CH₃)₂), 2-butyl,2-methyl-2-propyl, 1-pentyl, 2-pentyl 3-pentyl, 2-methyl-2-butyl,3-methyl-2-butyl, 3-methyl-1-butyl, 2-methyl-1-butyl, 1-hexyl), 2-hexyl,3-hexyl, 2-methyl-2-pentyl, 3-methyl-2-pentyl, 4-methyl-2-pentyl,3-methyl-3-pentyl, 2-methyl-3-pentyl, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butyl,3,3-dimethyl-2-butyl, 1-heptyl, 1-octyl, and the like. Preferably, thealkyl has one to ten carbon atoms. More preferably, the alkyl has one tofour carbon atoms.

“Aryl” means a monovalent aromatic hydrocarbon radical of 6-18 carbonatoms derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from a single carbonatom of a parent aromatic ring system. Some aryl groups are representedin the exemplary structures as “Ar.” Aryl includes bicyclic radicalscomprising an aromatic ring fused to a saturated, partially unsaturatedring, or aromatic carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring. Typical aryl groupsinclude, but are not limited to, radicals derived from benzene (phenyl),substituted benzenes, naphthalene, anthracene, indenyl, indanyl,1,2-dihydronapthalene, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronapthyl, and the like.Preferably, aryl is phenyl group.

The term “halo” or “halogen” refers to F, Cl, Br or I. In oneembodiment, the halogen is Br or I.

The term “compound” or “cytotoxic compound,” “cytotoxic dimer” and“cytotoxic dimer compound” are used interchangeably. They are intendedto include compounds for which a structure or formula or any derivativethereof has been disclosed in the present invention or a structure orformula or any derivative thereof that has been incorporated byreference. The term also includes, stereoisomers, geometric isomers,tautomers, solvates, metabolites, salts (e.g., pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts) and prodrugs, and prodrug salts of a compound of allthe formulae disclosed in the present invention. The term also includesany solvates, hydrates, and polymorphs of any of the foregoing. Thespecific recitation of “stereoisomers,” “geometric isomers,”“tautomers,” “solvates,” “metabolites,” “salt” “prodrug,” “prodrugsalt,” “conjugates,” “conjugates salt,” “solvate,” “hydrate,” or“polymorph” in certain aspects of the invention described in thisapplication shall not be interpreted as an intended omission of theseforms in other aspects of the invention where the term “compound” isused without recitation of these other forms.

The term “precursor” of a given group refers to any group which may leadto that group by any deprotection, a chemical modification, or acoupling reaction.

The term “chiral” refers to molecules which have the property ofnon-superimposability of the mirror image partner, while the term“achiral” refers to molecules which are superimposable on their mirrorimage partner.

The term “stereoisomer” refers to compounds which have identicalchemical constitution and connectivity, but different orientations oftheir atoms in space that cannot be interconverted by rotation aboutsingle bonds.

“Diastereomer” refers to a stereoisomer with two or more centers ofchirality and whose molecules are not mirror images of one another.Diastereomers have different physical properties, e.g. melting points,boiling points, spectral properties, and reactivities. Mixtures ofdiastereomers may separate under high resolution analytical proceduressuch as crystallization, electrophoresis and chromatography.

“Enantiomers” refer to two stereoisomers of a compound which arenon-superimposable mirror images of one another.

Stereochemical definitions and conventions used herein generally followS. P. Parker, Ed., McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Chemical Terms (1984)McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York; and Eliel, E. and Wilen, S.,“Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds,” John Wiley & Sons, Inc., NewYork, 1994. The compounds of the invention may contain asymmetric orchiral centers, and therefore exist in different stereoisomeric forms.It is intended that all stereoisomeric forms of the compounds of theinvention, including but not limited to, diastereomers, enantiomers andatropisomers, as well as mixtures thereof such as racemic mixtures, formpart of the present invention. Many organic compounds exist in opticallyactive forms, i.e., they have the ability to rotate the plane ofplane-polarized light. In describing an optically active compound, theprefixes D and L, or R and S, are used to denote the absoluteconfiguration of the molecule about its chiral center(s). The prefixes dand l or (+) and (−) are employed to designate the sign of rotation ofplane-polarized light by the compound, with (−) or l meaning that thecompound is levorotatory. A compound prefixed with (+) or d isdextrorotatory. For a given chemical structure, these stereoisomers areidentical except that they are mirror images of one another. A specificstereoisomer may also be referred to as an enantiomer, and a mixture ofsuch isomers is often called an enantiomeric mixture. A 50:50 mixture ofenantiomers is referred to as a racemic mixture or a racemate, which mayoccur where there has been no stereoselection or stereospecificity in achemical reaction or process. The terms “racemic mixture” and “racemate”refer to an equimolar mixture of two enantiomeric species, devoid ofoptical activity.

The term “tautomer” or “tautomeric form” refers to structural isomers ofdifferent energies which are interconvertible via a low energy barrier.For example, proton tautomers (also known as prototropic tautomers)include interconversions via migration of a proton, such as keto-enoland imine-enamine isomerizations. Valence tautomers includeinterconversions by reorganization of some of the bonding electrons.

As used herein, the term “imine reducing reagent” refers to a reagentthat is capable of reducing an imine functional group to an aminefunctional group. In certain embodiments, the imine reducing reagent isa hydride reducing reagent. Examples of such imine reducing reagentsinclude, but are not limited to, borohydrides (e.g., sodium borohydride,sodium triacetoxy borohydride, sodium cyanoborohydride, lithiumborohydride (LiBH₄), potassium borohydride (KBH₄)), hydrogen gas, andlithium aluminum hydride, ammonium formate, borane,9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (9-BBN), diisobutylaluminium hydride (DIBAL),and sodium bis(2-methoxyethoxy)aluminumhydride (Red-Al). In certainembodiments, the imine reducing reagent is sodium triacetoxyborohydride.

The term “protecting group” or “protecting moiety” refers to asubstituent that is commonly employed to block or protect a particularfunctionality while reacting other functional groups on the compound, aderivative thereof, or a conjugate thereof. For example, an “amineprotecting group” or an “amino-protecting moiety” is a substituentattached to an amino group that blocks or protects the aminofunctionality in the compound. Such groups are well known in the art(see for example P. Wuts and T. Greene, 2007, Protective Groups inOrganic Synthesis, Chapter 7, J. Wiley & Sons, NJ) and exemplified bycarbamates such as methyl and ethyl carbamate, FMOC, substituted ethylcarbamates, carbamates cleaved by 1,6-β-elimination (also termed “selfimmolative”), ureas, amides, peptides, alkyl and aryl derivatives.Suitable amino-protecting groups include, but are not limited to,acetyl, trifluoroacetyl, t-butoxycarbonyl (BOC), benzyloxycarbonyl (CBZ)and 9-fluorenylmethylenoxycarbonyl (Fmoc), 2-trimethylsilylethyl,(2-phenyl-2-trimethylsilyl)ethyl, triisopropylsiloxy,2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl, allyloxycarbonyl,9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxycarbonyl, or 2,2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl. For a general description of protectinggroups and their use, see P. G. M. Wuts & T. W. Greene, ProtectiveGroups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2007.

An “alcohol protecting group” or an “alcohol-protecting moiety” is asubstituent attached to an alcohol group that blocks or protects thealcohol functionality in the compound. Such groups are well known in theart (see for example, P. Wuts and T. Greene, 2007, Protective Groups inOrganic Synthesis, Chapter 2, J. Wiley & Sons, NJ). Suitable alcoholprotecting group include, but are not limited to, pivaloyl,methoxymethyl, 2-methoxyethoxymethyl, p-methoxybenzyl,3,4-dimethyoxybenzyl, 2,6-dimethyoxybenzyl, diphenylmethyl,benzyloxymethyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl, tetrahydrofuranyl,tetrahydropyranyl, benzyl, benzoyl, para-phenylbenzoyl,2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl, para-bromobenzoyl, para-nitrobenzoyl,picolinoyl, nicotinoyl, 5-dibenzosuberyl, trityl/triphenylmethyl, ortris(4-tert-butylphenyl)methyl and various silyl protecting groups (forexample, dimethylisopropylsilyl, diethylisopropylsilyl,dimethylhexylsilyl, trimethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl, tribenzylsilyl,triphenylsilyl, 2-norbornyldimethylsilyl, tert-butyldimethylsilyl,tert-butyldiphenylsilyl, 2-trimethyethylsilyl (TEOC), or[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl). In certain embodiments, the alcoholprotecting group is sterically hindered. In certain embodiments, thealcohol protecting group is preferably methoxymethyl, tetrahydropyranyl,2-methoxyethoxymethyl, p-methoxybenzyl, benzyloxymethyl, or2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl. More preferably, the alcohol protectinggroup is 2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl. In certain embodiments, thealcohol protecting group is a silyl protecting group, preferably,triethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl, or tert-butyldimethylsilyl. Morepreferably, the alcohol protecting group is tert-butyldimethylsilyl.

An “alcohol protecting reagent” as used herein refers to a reagent thatintroduces an alcohol protecting group onto an alcohol group.

An “acid labile alcohol protecting group” is an alcohol protecting groupthat is not stable under acidic condition and releases the alcoholprotecting group to form free alcohol. Examples of an acid labilealcohol protecting group include, but are not limited to, acetate,allyl, methoxymethyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl,5-dibenzosuberyl, 1-ethoxyethyl, 1-methyl-1methoxylethyl,2-(phenylselenyl)ethyl, trityl/triphenylmethyl,tris(4-tert-butylphenyl)methyl, and various silyl protecting group (forexample, dimethylisopropylsilyl, diethylisopropylsilyl,dimethylhexylsilyl, trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl,tribenzylsilyl, triphenylsilyl, 2-norbornyldimethylsilyl,tert-butyldimethylsilyl, tert-butyldiphenylsilyl, or2-trimethyethylsilyl (TEOC), [2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl). Incertain embodiments, the alcohol protecting group is a silyl protectinggroup, preferably, triethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl, ortert-butyldimethylsilyl. More preferably, the alcohol protecting groupis tert-butyldimethylsilyl.

As used herein, the term “alcohol deprotecting reagent” refers to areagent that is capable of cleaving an alcohol protecting group to formfree alcohol. Such reagents are well known in the art (see for exampleP. Wuts and T. Greene, 2007, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis,Chapter 2, J. Wiley & Sons, NJ). Examples of such alcohol deprotectingreagents include, but are not limited to, tetra-n-butylammoniumfluoride, tris(dimethylamino)sulfonium difluorotrimethylsilicate,hydrogen fluoride or a solvate thereof, hydrogen fluoride pyridine,silicon tetrafluoride, hexafluorosilicic acid, cesium fluoride,hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, pyridiniump-toluensulfonate, p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TsOH), formic acid,periodic acid. In certain embodiments, the alcohol deprotecting reagentis hydrochloric acid or tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride (TBAF). Incertain embodiments, the alcohol deprotecting agent is hydrogenfluoride-pyridine (HF-pyridine).

As used herein, “amine deprotecting group” refers a reagent that iscapable of cleaving an amine protecting group to form free amine. Suchreagents are well known in the art (see for example P. Wuts and T.Greene, 2007, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, Chapter 7, J.Wiley & Sons, NJ). Examples of such amine deprotecting reagents include,but are not limited to, tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride, acetic acid,hydrogen fluoride pyridine, cesium fluoride, piperidine, morpholine, ortrifluoroacetic acid.

As used herein, “alcohol activating agent” refers a reagent thatincreases the reactivity of a hydroxyl group thereby making the hydroxylgroup a better leaving group. Examples of such alcohol activating agentsinclude p-toluenesulfonyl chloride, thionyl chloride, triflic anhydride,mesyl chloride, mesyl anhydride, triphenylphosphine, acyl chloride,4-dimethylaminopyridine, and others. In certain embodiments, the alcoholactivating agent is thionyl chloride. In certain embodiment, the alcoholactivating agent is a trialkyl phosphine, triarylphosphine, ortriheteroarylphosphine. In a specific embodiment, the alcohol activatingagent is trimethylphosphine, tributylphosphine, tri(o-tolyl)phosphine,tri(m-tolyl)phosphine, tri(p-tolyl)phosphine, tri(2-pyridyl)phosphine,tri(3-pyridyl)phosphine, or tri(4-pyridyl)phosphine. In a more specificembodiment, the alcohol activating agent is triphenylphosphine.

The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” as used herein, refers topharmaceutically acceptable organic or inorganic salts of a compound ofthe invention. Exemplary salts include, but are not limited, to sulfate,citrate, acetate, oxalate, chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate,bisulfate, phosphate, acid phosphate, isonicotinate, lactate,salicylate, acid citrate, tartrate, oleate, tannate, pantothenate,bitartrate, ascorbate, succinate, maleate, gentisinate, fumarate,gluconate, glucuronate, saccharate, formate, benzoate, glutamate,methanesulfonate “mesylate,” ethanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate,p-toluenesulfonate, pamoate (i.e.,1,1′-methylene-bis-(2-hydroxy-3-naphthoate)) salts, alkali metal (e.g.,sodium and potassium) salts, alkaline earth metal (e.g., magnesium)salts, and ammonium salts. A pharmaceutically acceptable salt mayinvolve the inclusion of another molecule such as an acetate ion, asuccinate ion or other counter ion. The counter ion may be any organicor inorganic moiety that stabilizes the charge on the parent compound.Furthermore, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt may have more than onecharged atom in its structure. Instances where multiple charged atomsare part of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt can have multiplecounter ions. Hence, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt can have one ormore charged atoms and/or one or more counter ion.

If the compound of the invention is a base, the desired pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt may be prepared by any suitable method available in theart, for example, treatment of the free base with an inorganic acid,such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid,methanesulfonic acid, phosphoric acid and the like, or with an organicacid, such as acetic acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, mandelic acid,fumaric acid, malonic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, glycolic acid,salicylic acid, a pyranosidyl acid, such as glucuronic acid orgalacturonic acid, an alpha hydroxy acid, such as citric acid ortartaric acid, an amino acid, such as aspartic acid or glutamic acid, anaromatic acid, such as benzoic acid or cinnamic acid, a sulfonic acid,such as p-toluenesulfonic acid or ethanesulfonic acid, or the like.

If the compound of the invention is an acid, the desiredpharmaceutically acceptable salt may be prepared by any suitable method,for example, treatment of the free acid with an inorganic or organicbase, such as an amine (primary, secondary or tertiary), an alkali metalhydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide, or the like. Illustrativeexamples of suitable salts include, but are not limited to, organicsalts derived from amino acids, such as glycine and arginine, ammonia,primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, and cyclic amines, such aspiperidine, morpholine and piperazine, and inorganic salts derived fromsodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc,aluminum and lithium.

The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” indicates that the substance orcomposition must be compatible chemically and/or toxicologically, withthe other ingredients comprising a formulation, and/or the mammal beingtreated therewith.

The term “leaving group” refers to a group of charged or unchargedmoiety that departs during a nucleophilic substitution or displacement.Such leaving groups are well known in the art and include, but notlimited to, halogens, esters, alkoxy, hydroxyl, tosylates, triflates,mesylates, nitriles, azide, carbamate, disulfides, thioesters,thioethers and diazonium compounds.

As used herein, the term “halogenating reagent” refers to a reagent thatconverts an alcohol group to a halide group. A “brominating reagent” isa reagent that converts an alcohol group to a bromide group. A“iodinating reagent” is a reagent that converts an alcohol group to aiodide group. A “chlorinating reagent” is a reagent that converts analcohol group to a chloride group. Exemplary brominating reagentsinclude, but are not limited to, bromine, hydrobromic acid, carbontetrabromide, phosphorus tribromide, and potassium bromide. Exemplaryiodinating reagent include, but are not limited to, hydroiodic acid,iodine, carbon tetraiodide, phosphorus triiodide, sodium iodide, orpotassium iodide. Exemplary chlorinating reagent include, but are notlimited to, carbon tetrachloride, methanesulfonyl chloride, sulfurylchloride, thionyl chloride, cyanuric chloride, N-chlorosuccinimide,phosphorus(V) oxychloride, phosphorus pentachloride, and phosphorustrichloride. In a specific embodiment, the chlorinating reagent ismethanesulfonyl chloride.

As used herein, a “sulfonating reagent” refers to a reagent thatconverts an alcohol group to a sulfonate ester group. Preferably, thesulfonating reagent is a sulfonic anhydride, such as methanesulfonicanhydride, or a sulfonic chloride, such as methanesulfonyl chloride(MsCl).

As used herein, an “activated ester” refers to an ester group that isreadily displaced by a hydroxyl or an amine group. Exemplary activatedesters include, but are not limited to nitrophenyl (e.g., 2 or4-nitrophenyl) ester, dinitrophenyl (e.g., 2,4-dinitrophenyl) ester,sulfo-tetraflurophenyl (e.g., 4-sulfo-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl) ester,pentafluorophenyl ester, nitropyridyl (e.g., 4-nitropyridyl) ester,trifluoroacetate, and acetate.

As used herein, an “esterification reagent” refers to a reagent thatconverts an alcohol group to an ester group. Exemplary esterificationreagent include, but are not limited to, nitrobenzoid acid (e.g., 2 or4-nitrobenzoic acid), dinitrobenzoid acid (e.g., 2,4-dinitrobenzoicacid), sulfo-tetraflurobenzoid acid (e.g.,4-sulfo-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzoic acid), pentafluorobenzoic acid,nitropyridine carboxylic acid (e.g., 4-nitro-2-pyridine carboxylic acid,trifluoroacetic acid, and acetic acid, or acyl chloride, acid anhydrideor other activated carboxylic acid derivatives thereof.

Methods of the Present Invention

The present invention provides novel methods for preparingindolinobenzodiazepine dimer compounds that have one imine functionalityand one amine functionality. As compared to the methods known in theart, the present methods can produce the desired dimer compounds withhigher yield and without the use of HPLC purification.

In a first embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (2a),

or a salt thereof, said method comprising introducing an alcoholprotecting group onto one of the primary alcohols of a compound offormula (1a) by reacting the compound of formula (1a) with an alcoholprotecting reagent,

wherein P₁ is the alcohol protecting group; and R₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl,pyridyl, or nitropyridyl.

Also provided in the first embodiment is a method of preparing acompound of formula (2A),

or a salt thereof, comprising introducing an alcohol protecting grouponto one of the primary alcohols of a compound of formula (1A) byreacting the compound of formula (1A) with an alcohol protectingreagent,

wherein P₁ is the alcohol protecting group.

In a specific embodiment, for methods of preparing compound of formula(2a) or (2A) described above the alcohol protecting group is stericallyhindered.

In another specific embodiment, the alcohol protecting group ispivaloyl, methoxymethyl, 2-methoxyethoxymethyl, p-methoxybenzyl,3,4-dimethyoxybenzyl, 2,6-dimethyoxybenzyl, diphenylmethyl,benzyloxymethyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl, tetrahydrofuranyl,tetrahydropyranyl, benzyl, benzoyl, para-phenylbenzoyl,2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl, para-bromobenzoyl, para-nitrobenzoyl,picolinoyl, nicotinoyl, 5-dibenzosuberyl, trityl/triphenylmethyl, ortris(4-tert-butylphenyl)methyl. Preferably, the alcohol protecting groupis methoxymethyl, tetrahydropyranyl, 2-methoxyethoxymethyl,p-methoxybenzyl, benzyloxymethyl, or 2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl. Evenmore preferably, the alcohol protecting group is2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl.

In another specific embodiment, the alcohol protecting group is a silylprotecting group. For example, the silyl protecting group isdimethylisopropylsilyl, diethylisopropylsilyl, dimethylhexylsilyl,trimethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl, tribenzylsilyl, triphenylsilyl,2-norbornyldimethylsilyl, tert-butyldimethylsilyl,tert-butyldiphenylsilyl, 2-trimethyethylsilyl (TEOC), or[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl. Preferably, the silyl protecting groupis triethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl, or tert-butyldimethylsilyl. Morepreferably, the silyl protecting group is tert-butyldimethylsilyl.

The silyl protecting group can be introduced by reacting the compound offormula (1a) or (1A) with R³—Cl, R³—Br, R³—I or R³—OSO₂CF₃ (collectivelythe alcohol protecting reagent) in the presence of a base, wherein R³ isdimethylisopropylsilyl, diethylisopropylsilyl, dimethylhexylsilyl,trimethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl, tribenzylsilyl, triphenylsilyl,2-norbornyldimethylsilyl, tert-butyldimethylsilyl,tert-butyldiphenylsilyl or [2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl. In certainembodiments, the molar ratio of the alcohol protecting reagent to thecompound of formula (1a) or (1A) is between 0.8-1.2, between 1 to 5,between 1 to 2, between 1 to 1.5, between 1 to 1.4, between 1 to 1.3,between 1 to 1.2, or between 1 to 1.1. In certain embodiment, less than2 molar equivalents of the alcohol protecting reagent is used relativeto the compound of formula (1a) or (1A). Preferably, 1.5, 1.4, 1.3, 1.2,1.1 or 1.0 molar equivalent of the alcohol protecting reagent relativeto the compound of formula (1a) or (1A) is used.

In one embodiment, the base can be a non-nucleophilic base. Examples ofnon-nucleophilic base include, but are not limited to, imidazole,triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, pyridine, 2,6-lutidine,1,8-diazabicycloundec-7-ene, or tetramethylpiperidine. Preferably, thenon-nucleophilic base is imidazole. Molar excess amount of the base canbe used. In certain embodiments, more than 2 molar equivalents of thebase (e.g., non-nucleophilic base) are used relative to the compound offormula (1a) or (1A).

In another embodiment, the reaction between the compound of formula (1a)or (1A) and R³—Cl, R³—Br, R³—I or R³—OSO₂CF₃ is carried out in thepresence of a catalyst that facilitates the introduction of the silylprotecting group. Any suitable catalysts known in the art (see, forexample, P. Wuts and T. Greene, 2007, Protective Groups in OrganicSynthesis, Chapter 2, J. Wiley & Sons, NJ) can be used in the reaction.Exemplary catalysts include, but are not limited to,4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine and1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU).

Any suitable organic solvents can be used for the methods of the firstembodiment. Exemplary solvents include, but are not limited to, DMF,CH₂Cl₂, dichloroethane, THF, dimethylacetamide, etc. In certainembodiments, DMF is used as the solvent.

In another specific embodiment, the method of preparing the compound offormula (2a) or (2A) comprising reacting the compound of (1a) or (1A)with TBSCl in the presence of a non-nucleophilic base. In oneembodiment, the base is imidazole or DIPEA. In a specific embodiment,the base is imidazole. In another specific embodiment, the base isDIPEA.

In a second embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (3a),

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a halogenatingreagent, a sulfonating reagent or an esterification reagent with acompound of formula (2a),

wherein P₁ is an alcohol protecting group; X₁ is a leaving groupselected from the group consisting of: —Br, —I, —Cl, a sulfonate ester,and an activated ester; and R₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, ornitropyridyl.

Also provided in the second embodiment is a method of preparing acompound of formula (3A),

or a salt thereof, comprising reacting the compound of formula (2A) witha halogenating reagent, a sulfonating reagent or an esterificationreagent,

wherein P₁ and R₁₀₀ are as defined in the first embodiment, and X₁ is aleaving group selected from the group consisting of: —Br, —I, —Cl asulfonate ester, and an activated ester.

In a specific embodiment, for methods of preparing compound of formula(3d) or (3A) described above, X₁ is —Br, —I or a sulfonate ester.

In a specific embodiment, for methods of making compound of formula (3a)or (3A) described above, X₁ is mesylate, tosylate, brosylate, ortriflate. Preferably, X₁ is mesylate.

In another specific embodiment, the method of the second embodimentcomprises reacting the compound of formula (2a) or (2A) with ahalogenating reagent. Exemplary halogenating reagents include, but arenot limited to, bromine, hydrobromic acid, carbon tetrabromide,phosphorus tribromide, potassium bromide, hydroiodic acid, iodine,carbon tetraiodide, phosphorus triiodide, sodium iodide, or potassiumiodide.

In yet another specific embodiment, the method of the second embodimentcomprises reacting the compound of formula (2a) or (2A) with asulfonating reagent. Preferably, the sulfonating reagent is a sulfonicanhydride, such as methanesulfonic anhydride, or a sulfonic chloride,such as methanesulfonyl chloride (MsCl).

In certain embodiment, the reaction between the compound of formula (2d)or (2A) and the sulfonating reagent can be carried out in the presenceof a base. In one embodiment, the base is a non-nucleophilic base.Exemplary non-nucleophilic bases include, but are not limited to,triethylamine, imidazole, triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine,pyridine, 2,6-lutidine, dimethylformamide,1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU), or tetramethylpiperidine.Preferably, the base is triethylamine or diisopropylethylamine.

Any suitable organic solvents can be used in the method of the secondembodiment. In one embodiment, the solvent is dichloromethane.

In a third embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (4a),

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a compound of formula(3a)

with a monomer compound of the formula (a₁),

wherein P₁ is an alcohol protecting group; X₁ is a leaving groupselected from the group consisting of: —Br, —I, —Cl, a sulfonate esterand an activated ester; and R₁₀₁ is is (C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, ornitropyridyl.

Also provided in the third embodiment is a method of preparing acompound of formula (4A),

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a compound of formula(3A)

with a monomer compound of the formula (a₁),

wherein P₁ is an alcohol protecting group; and X₁ is a leaving groupselected from the group consisting of: —Br, —I, —Cl, a sulfonate esterand an activated ester.

In a specific embodiment, for methods of the third embodiment, X₁ is—Br, —I, or a sulfonate ester.

In a specific embodiment, for method of preparing compound of formula(4a) or (4A), the compound of formula (3a) or (3A) is reacted with themonomer compound of formula (a₁) in the presence of a base. Any suitablebase can used. Exemplary bases include, but are not limited to, sodiumcarbonate, potassium carbonate, cesium carbonate, sodium hydride, orpotassium hydride. In one embodiment, the base is potassium carbonate.

Any suitable solvents can be use in the method of third embodiment. Inone embodiment, the solvent is dimethylacetamide (DMA).

In a specific embodiment, the method of preparing compound of formula(4a) or (4A) described above comprises reacting the compound of formula(3a) or (3A) with the monomer compound (a₁) in the presence of potassiumcarbonate in DMA. In one embodiment, the reaction is carried out in thepresence of potassium iodide.

In a fourth embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (5a),

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a compound of formula(4a),

with an imine reducing agent, wherein P₁ is an alcohol protecting group;and R₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, or nitropyridyl.

Also provided in the fourth embodiment is a method of preparing acompound of formula (5A),

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a compound of formula(4A),

with an imine reducing agent, wherein the variables are as describedabove in the third embodiment.

In a specific embodiment, for methods of preparing compound of formula(5a) or (5A) described above, the imine reducing reagent is a hydridereducing reagent.

In another specific embodiment, the imine reducing reagent is sodiumborohydride, sodium triacetoxy borohydride, sodium cyanoborohydride,lithium aluminum hydride, hydrogen gas, ammonium formate, borane,9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (9-BBN), diisobutylaluminium hydride (DIBAL),lithium borohydride (LiBH₄), potassium borohydride (KBH₄), or sodiumbis(2-methoxyethoxy)aluminumhydride (Red-Al). Preferably, the iminereducing reagent is sodium triacetoxy borohydride (NaBH(OAc)₃).

Any suitable solvents can be use in the method of fourth embodiment. Inone embodiment, the solvent is dichloroethane.

In a fifth embodiment, the present invention provides method ofpreparing a compound of formula (6a),

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a compound of formula(5a),

with an alcohol deprotecting reagent, wherein P₁ is an alcoholprotecting group; and R₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, or nitropyridyl.

Also provided in the fifth embodiment is a method of preparing acompound of formula (6A),

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a compound of formula(5A),

with an alcohol deprotecting reagent, wherein the variables are asdescribed above in the fourth embodiment

In a specific embodiment, for methods of preparing a compound of formula(6a) or (6A) described above, the alcohol deprotecting reagent istetra-n-butylammonium fluoride, tris(dimethylamino)sulfoniumdifluorotrimethylsilicate, hydrogen fluoride or a solvate thereof,hydrogen fluoride pyridine, silicon tetrafluoride, hexafluorosilicicacid, cesium fluoride, hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, trifluoroaceticacid, pyridinium p-toluensulfonate, p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TsOH),formic acid, or periodic acid. Preferably, the alcohol deprotectingreagent is hydrochloric acid or tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride. In amore specific embodiment, the alcohol deprotecting reagent is aqueoushydrochloric acid.

Any suitable solvents can be used in the deprotection reaction describedabove. In one embodiment, the solvent is THF.

In a sixth embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (7a),

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a halogenatingreagent, a sulfonating reagent or an esterification reagent with theprimary alcohol compound of formula (6a),

wherein X₂ is a leaving group selected from the group consisting of:—Br, —I, —Cl, a sulfonate ester and an activated ester; and R₁₀₁ is(C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, or nitropyridyl.

Also provided in the sixth embodiment is a method of preparing acompound of formula (7A),

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a halogenatingreagent, a sulfonating reagent or an esterification reagent with theprimary alcohol compound of formula (6A),

wherein X₂ is —Br, —I, —Cl, a sulfonate ester or an activated ester; andthe remaining variables are as described above in the fifth embodiment

In a specific embodiment, for methods of preparing a compound of formula(7d) or (7A), X₂ is —Br, —I or a sulfonate ester.

In a specific embodiment, for methods of preparing a compound of formula(7a) or (7A), X₂ is mesylate, tosylate, brosylate, or triflate.Preferably, X₂ is mesylate.

In another specific embodiment, the method of the sixth embodimentcomprises reacting the compound of formula (6a) or (6A) with ahalogenating reagent. Exemplary halogenating reagent include, but arenot limited to, bromine, hydrobromic acid, carbon tetrabromide,phosphorus tribromide, potassium bromide, hydroiodic acid, iodine,carbon tetraiodide, phosphorus triiodide, sodium iodide, or potassiumiodide.

In yet another specific embodiment, the method of the sixth embodimentcomprises reacting the compound of formula (6a) or (6A) with asulfonating reagent. Preferably, the sulfonating reagent is a sulfonicanhydride, such as methanesulfonic anhydride, or a sulfonic chloride,such as methanesulfonyl chloride (MsCl).

In one embodiment, the reaction between the compound of formula (6a) or(6A) and the sulfonating reagent is carried out in the presence of abase. Preferably, the base is a non-nucleophiclic base. Exemplarynon-nucleophic base include, but are not limited to, triethylamine,imidazole, triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, pyridine, 2,6-lutidine,dimethylformamide, 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU), ortetramethylpiperidine. Preferably, the base is triethylamine ordiisopropylethylamine.

Any suitable solvents can be used in the reactions described in thesixth embodiment above. In one embodiment, the solvent isdichloromethane. In another embodiment, the solvent is DMF. In yetanother embodiment, the solvent is a mixture of dichloromethane and DMF.

In a seventh embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (7a″)

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a compound of formula(5a″)

with an alcohol deprotecting reagent and a halogenating reagent, whereinP₁′ is an acid labile alcohol protecting group; X₂′ is —Br or —I; andR₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, or nitropyridyl.

Also provided in the seventh embodiment is a method of preparing acompound of formula (7A″):

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a compound of formula(5A″)

with an alcohol deprotecting reagent and a halogenating reagent, whereinP₁′ is an acid labile alcohol protecting group; X₂′ is —Br or —I; andthe remaining variables are as described above in the sixth embodiment.

The method of the seventh embodiment combines the alcohol deprotectionstep described in the fifth embodiment and the halogenation reaction ofthe resulting alcohol described in the sixth embodiment into one step.

In a specific embodiment, for the method of the seventh embodiment, thecompound of formula (7a″) is represented by the following formula:

and the method comprising reacting the compound of formula (5a″) with analcohol deprotecting reagent and a bromination reagent.

In another specific embodiment, for the method of the seventhembodiment, the compound of formula (7A′″) is represented by thefollowing formula:

and the method comprising reacting the compound of formula (5A″),

with an alcohol deprotecting reagent and a bromination reagent.

In one embodiment, for the methods described in the seventh embodiment,the acid labile alcohol protecting group is acetate, allyl,methoxymethyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, 5-dibenzosuberyl,1-ethoxyethyl, 1-methyl-1methoxylethyl, 2-(phenylselenyl)ethyl,trityl/triphenylmethyl, or tris(4-tert-butylphenyl)methyl.

In another embodiment, the acid labile alcohol protecting group is asilyl protecting group. Exemplary silyl protecting groups include, butare not limited to, dimethylisopropylsilyl, diethylisopropylsilyl,dimethylhexylsilyl, trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl,tribenzylsilyl, triphenylsilyl, 2-norbornyldimethylsilyl,tert-butyldimethylsilyl, tert-butyldiphenylsilyl, 2-trimethyethylsilyl(TEOC), or [2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl. Preferably, the silylprotecting group is triethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl, ortert-butyldimethylsilyl. More preferably, the silyl protecting group istert-butyldimethylsilyl.

In one embodiment, the alcohol deprotecting reagent istetra-n-butylammonium fluoride, tris(dimethylamino)sulfoniumdifluorotrimethylsilicate, hydrogen fluoride or a solvate thereof,hydrogen fluoride pyridine, silicon tetrafluoride, hexafluorosilicicacid, cesium fluoride, hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, pyridiniump-toluensulfonate, formic acid, periodic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, or.p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TsOH). Preferably, the alcohol deprotectingreagent is acetic acid.

In yet another embodiment, the bromination reagent is HBr.

In one specific embodiment, the methods of the seventh embodimentcomprises reacting the compound of formula (5a″) with a mixture ofacetic acid and HBr to give the compound of formula (7a′″).

In another specific embodiment, the methods of the seventh embodimentcomprises reacting the compound of formula (5A″) with a mixture ofacetic acid and HBr to give the compound of formula (7A′″)

In a eighth embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (Ia′),

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said method comprisingreacting a compound of formula (7a)

with a monomer compound of the formula (a₁),

wherein R₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, or nitropyridyl; and, X₂ is aleaving group selected from the group consisting of: —Br, —I, —Cl, asulfonate ester, and an activated ester.

Also provided in the eighth embodiment is a method of preparing acompound of formula (IA),

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said method comprisingreacting a compound of formula (7A)

with a monomer compound of the formula (a₁),

wherein R₁₀₀ is (C₁-C₃)alkoxy; and, X₂ is a leaving group selected fromthe group consisting of: —Br, —I, —Cl, a sulfonate ester, and anactivated ester.

In one embodiment, for methods of the eighth embodiment, X₂ is —Br, —Ior a sulfonate ester.

In one embodiment, for methods of the eighth embodiment, the compound offormula (7a) or (7A) is reacted with the monomer compound of formula(a₁) in the presence of a base. Examples of the base include, but arenot limited to, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, cesium carbonate,sodium hydride, or potassium hydride. In one embodiment, the base ispotassium carbonate.

Any suitable solvents can be used in the methods of eighth embodimentdescribed above. In one embodiment, the solvent is DMF. In anotherembodiment, the solvent is DMA.

In a ninth embodiment, the present invention provides a method offorming a compound of formula (Ia′),

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said method comprisingthe steps of:

(1) introducing an alcohol protecting group onto one of the primaryalcohols of a compound of formula (1a),

to form a compound of formula (2a),

(2) reacting the compound of formula (2a) with a halogenating reagent ora sulfonating reagent or an esterification reagent to form a compound offormula (3a),

(3) reacting the compound of formula (3a) with a monomer compound of theformula (a₁),

to form a compound of formula (4a),

(4) reacting the compound of formula (4a) with an imine reducing agentto form a compound of formula (5a),

(5) reacting the compound of formula (5a) with an alcohol deprotectingreagent to form a compound of formula (6a),

(6) reacting the compound of formula (6a) with a second halogenatingreagent, a second sulfonating reagent or a second esterification reagentto form a compound of formula (7a),

and

(7) reacting the compound of formula (7a) with a monomer compound of theformula (a₁),

to form the compound of formula (Ia′); wherein P₁ is an alcoholprotecting group; X₁ and X₂ are each independently a leaving groupselected from the group consisting of: —Br, —I, —Cl, a sulfonate esterand an activated ester; and R₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, ornitropyridyl.

Also provided in the ninth embodiment is a method of preparing acompound of formula (IA):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said method comprisingthe steps of:

(1) introducing an alcohol protecting group onto one of the primaryalcohols of a compound of formula (1A),

to form a compound of formula (2A),

(2) reacting the compound of formula (2A) with a halogenating reagent, asulfonating reagent or an esterification reagent to form a compound offormula (3A),

(3) reacting the compound of formula (3A) with a monomer compound of theformula (a₁),

to form a compound of formula (4A),

(4) reacting the compound of formula (4A) with an imine reducing agentto form a compound of formula (5A),

(5) reacting the compound of formula (5A) with an alcohol deprotectingreagent to form a compound of formula (6A),

(6) reacting a second halogenating reagent, a second sulfonating reagentor an esterification reagent with the compound of formula (6A) to form acompound of formula (7A),

and

(7) reacting the compound of formula (7A) with a monomer compound of theformula (a₁),

to form the compound of formula (IA), wherein P₁ is an alcoholprotecting group; and X₁ and X₂ are each independently a leaving groupselected from the group consisting of: —Br, —I, —Cl, a sulfonate esterand an activated ester.

In one embodiment, for methods of the ninth embodiment, X₁ and X₂ areeach independently —Br, —Cl or a sulfonate ester.

The reaction conditions and reagents for each step in the method of theninth embodiment are as described in the first, second, third, fourth,fifth, sixth and/or eighth embodiment or any specific embodimentsdescribed therein.

In a tenth embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (Ia′),

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said method comprisingthe steps of:

(1) introducing an alcohol protecting group onto one of the primaryalcohols of a compound of formula (1a),

to form a compound of formula (2a″),

(2) reacting the compound of formula (2a″) with a halogenating reagent,a sulfonating reagent or an esterification reagent to form a compound offormula (3a″),

(3) reacting the compound of formula (3a″) with a monomer compound ofthe formula (a₁),

to form a compound of formula (4a″),

(4) reacting the compound of formula (4a″) with an imine reducing agentto form a compound of formula (5a″),

(5) reacting the compound of formula (5a″) with an alcohol deprotectingreagent and a halogenating reagent to form a compound of formula (7a″),

(6) reacting a compound of formula (7a″) with a monomer compound of theformula (a₁),

to form the compound of formula (Ia′), wherein X₂′ is —Br or —I; and theremaining variables are as described above in the ninth embodiment.

Also provided in the tenth embodiment is a method of preparing acompound of formula (IA):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said method comprisingthe steps of:

(1) introducing an alcohol protecting group onto one of the primaryalcohols of a compound of formula (1A),

to form a compound of formula (2A″),

(2) reacting the compound of formula (2A″) with a halogenating reagent,a sulfonating reagent or an esterification reagent to form a compound offormula (3A″),

(3) reacting the compound of formula (3A″) with a monomer compound ofthe formula (a₁),

to form a compound of formula (4A″),

(4) reacting the compound of formula (4A″) with an imine reducing agentto form a compound of formula (5A″),

(5) reacting the compound of formula (5A″) with an alcohol deprotectingreagent and a halogenating reagent to form a compound of formula (7A″),

(6) reacting a compound of formula (7A″) with a monomer compound of theformula (a₁),

to form the compound of formula (IA), wherein X₂′ is —Br or —I; and theremaining variables are as described above in the ninth embodiment.

The conditions and reagents for the methods of tenth embodiment are asdescribed above in the first, second, third, fourth, seventh and/oreighth embodiment(s) and any specific embodiments described therein.

In a eleventh embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (9a),

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a compound of formula(4a),

with an alcohol deprotecting reagent, wherein P₁ is an alcoholprotecting group; and R₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, or nitropyridyl.

Also provided in the eleventh embodiment is a method of preparing acompound of (9A):

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a compound of formula(4A),

with an alcohol deprotecting reagent, wherein P₁ is an alcoholprotecting group.

In a specific embodiment, for the methods of the eleventh embodiment,the alcohol deprotecting reagent is tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride,tris(dimethylamino)sulfonium difluorotrimethylsilicate, hydrogenfluoride or a solvate thereof, hydrogen fluoride pyridine, silicontetrafluoride, hexafluorosilicic acid, cesium fluoride, hydrochloricacid, acetic acid, pyridinium p-toluensulfonate, formic acid, periodicacid, trifluoroacetic acid, or p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TsOH). Morespecifically, the alcohol deprotecting reagent is hydrochloric acid ortetra-n-butylammonium fluoride.

In a twelfth embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (10a),

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting the compound offormula (9a) with a halogenating reagent, a sulfonating reagent or anesterification reagent,

wherein X₂ is —Br, —I, —Cl, a sulfonate ester or an activated ester; andR₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, or nitropyridyl.

Also provided in the twelfth embodiment is a method of preparing acompound of formula (10A):

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting the compound offormula (9A) with a halogenating reagent, a sulfonating reagent or anesterification reagent,

wherein X₂ is —Br, —I, —Cl, a sulfonate ester or an activated ester.

In a specific embodiment, for the methods of the twelfth embodiment, X₂is —Br, —I or a sulfonate ester.

In a specific embodiment, for the methods of the twelfth embodiment, X₂is mesylate, tosylate, brosylate, or triflate. Preferably, X₂ ismesylate.

In another specific embodiment, the method described in the twelfthembodiment comprises reacting the compound of formula (9a) or (9A) witha halogenating reagent. Exemplary halogenating reagent include, but arenot limited to, bromine, hydrobromic acid, carbon tetrabromide,phosphorus tribromide, potassium bromide, hydroiodic acid, iodine,carbon tetraiodide, phosphorus triiodide, sodium iodide, or potassiumiodide.

In yet another specific embodiment, the method of the twelfth embodimentcomprises reacting the compound of formula (9a) or (9A) with asulfonating reagent. Preferably, the sulfonating reagent is a sulfonicanhydride, such as methanesulfonic anhydride, or a sulfonic chloride,such as methanesulfonyl chloride (MsCl).

In one embodiment, the reaction between the compound of formula (9a) or(9A) and the sulfonating reagent is carried out in the presence of abase. Preferably, the base is a non-nucleophiclic base. Exemplarynon-nucleophic base include, but are not limited to, triethylamine,imidazole, triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, pyridine, 2,6-lutidine,dimethylformamide, 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU), ortetramethylpiperidine. Preferably, the base is triethylamine ordiisopropylethylamine.

In a thirteenth embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (18d),

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a compound of formula(10a)

with a monomer compound of the formula (d₁),

wherein X₂ is a leaving group selected from the group consisting of:—Br, —I, —Cl, a sulfonate ester and an activated ester; P₃ is H or P₂;P₂ is an amine protecting group; and R₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, ornitropyridyl. In one embodiment, X₂ is —Br, —I, or a sulfonate ester.

Also provided in the thirteenth embodiment is a method of preparing acompound of formula (18A):

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a compound of formula(10A)

with a monomer compound of the formula (d₁),

herein X₂ is a leaving group selected from the group consisting of: —Br,—I, —Cl, a sulfonate ester or an activated ester; and P₃ is H or P₂; andP₂ is an amine protecting group. In one embodiment, X₂ is —Br, —I, or asulfonate ester.

In a specific embodiment, for methods of the thirteenth embodiment, P₃is H and the compound of (10a) or (10A) is reacted with the monomercompound of (d₁) to form a compound of (Id′) or (IA), respectively:

In another specific embodiment, P₃ is an amine protecting grouprepresented by P₂; the monomer compound is represented by formula (c₁):

and the compound of formula (18a) or (18A) is represented by formula(11a) or (11A), respectively,

Any suitable amine protecting group can be used in the methods of thethirteenth embodiment described above. In one embodiment, the amineprotecting group is 2-trimethylsilylethyl,(2-phenyl-2-trimethylsilyl)ethyl, triisopropylsiloxy,2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl, allyloxycarbonyl,9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxycarbonyl, or 2,2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl.

In a specific embodiment, the compound of formula (10a) or (10A) isreacted with the monomer compound of formula (d₁) or (c₁) in thepresence of a base. Examples of the base include, but are not limited tosodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, cesium carbonate, sodium hydride,or potassium hydride.

Any suitable solvents can be used in the reaction described above. Inone embodiment, the solvent is DMF.

In a fourteenth embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (Ia′),

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said method comprisingreacting a compound of formula (11a),

with an amine deprotecting reagent, wherein P₂ is an amine protectinggroup; and R₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, or nitropyridyl.

Also provided in the fourteenth embodiment is a method of preparing acompound of formula (IA):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said method comprisingreacting a compound of formula (11A),

with an amine deprotecting reagent, wherein P₂ is an amine protectinggroup.

Any suitable amine deprotecting reagent can be used in the methoddescribed above. In one embodiment, the amine deprotecting reagent istetra-n-butylammonium fluoride, acetic acid, hydrogen fluoride pyridine,cesium fluoride, piperidine, morpholine, or trifluroacetic acid.

In a fifteenth embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (Ia′),

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said method comprisingthe steps of:

(1) introducing an alcohol protecting group onto one of the primaryalcohols of the compound of formula (1a),

to form a compound of formula (2a),

(2) reacting the compound of formula (2a) with a halogenating reagent, asulfonating reagent or an esterification reagent to form a compound offormula (3a),

(3) reacting the compound of formula (3a) with a monomer compound of theformula (a₁),

to form a compound of formula (4a),

(4) reacting the compound of formula (4a) with an alcohol deprotectingreagent to form a compound of formula (9a),

(5) reacting the compound of formula (9a) with a second halogenatingreagent, a second sulfonating reagent or a second esterification reagentto form a compound of formula (10a),

(6) reacting the compound of formula (10a) with a monomer compound ofthe formula (d₁)

to form a compound of formula (18a),and

(7) when P₃ is an amine protecting group, reacting the compound offormula (18a) to an amine deprotecting reagent to form the compound offormula (Ia′), wherein P₁ is an alcohol protecting group; X₁ and X₂ areeach independently a leaving group selected from the group consistingof: —Br, —I, —Cl, a sulfonate ester and an activated ester; and R₁₀₁ is(C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, or nitropyridyl.

Also included in the fifteenth embodiment is a method of preparing acompound of formula (IA):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said method comprisingthe steps of:

(1) introducing an alcohol protecting group onto one of the primaryalcohols of the compound of formula (1A),

to form a compound of formula (2A),

(2) reacting the compound of formula (2A) with a halogenating reagent, asulfonating reagent or an esterification reagent to form a compound offormula (3A),

(3) reacting the compound of formula (3A) with a monomer compound of theformula (a₁),

to form a compound of formula (4A),

(4) reacting the compound of formula (4A) with an alcohol deprotectingreagent to form a compound of formula (9A),

(5) reacting the compound of formula (9A) with a second halogenatingreagent, a second sulfonating reagent or a second esterification reagentto form a compound of formula (10A),

(6) reacting the compound of formula (10A) with a monomer compound ofthe formula (d₁),

to form a compound of formula (18A),

(7) reacting the compound of formula (18A) to an amine deprotectingreagent to form the compound of formula (IA), wherein P₁ is an alcoholprotecting group; X₁ and X₂ are each independently a leaving groupselected from the group consisting of: —Br, —I, —Cl, a sulfonate esterand an activated ester; and P₃ is H or an amine protecting group.

In a specific embodiment, for methods of the fifteenth embodiment, X₁and X₂ are each independently —Br, —I or a sulfonate ester.

In a specific embodiment, for methods of the fifteenth embodiment, P₃ isH and the compound of (10a) or (10A) is reacted with the monomercompound of (d₁) to form a compound of (Id′) or (IA), respectively.

In another specific embodiment, for methods of the fifteenth embodiment,P₃ is P₂; the monomer compound is represented by formula (c₁):

and the compound of formula (18a) or (18A) is represented by formula(11a) or (11A), respectively:

wherein P₂ is an amine protecting group.

The conditions and reagents for the methods of the fifteenth embodimentare as described above in the first, second, third, eleventh, twelfth,thirteenth, and/or fourteenth, embodiment(s) and any specificembodiments described therein.

In a sixteenth embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (12a),

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a compound of formula(1a),

with a halogenating reagent or a sulfonating reagent, wherein X₁ is —Br,—I, —Cl, a sulfonate ester or an activated ester; and R₁₀₁ is(C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, or nitropyridyl.

Also provided in the sixteenth embodiment is a method of preparing acompound of formula (12A):

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a compound of formula(1A),

with a halogenating reagent or a sulfonating reagent, wherein X₁ is —Br,—I, —Cl, a sulfonate ester or an activated ester.

In a specific embodiment, for the methods of the sixteenth embodiment,X₁ is is —Br, —I, or a sulfonate ester. In another specific embodiment,X₁ is —Br or —I. In yet another specific embodiment, X₁ is a sulfonateester, preferably mesylate. In another specific embodiment, X₁ is —Cl.

In another specific embodiment, the halogenating reagent reacts with theprimary alcohols of the compound of formula (1a) or (1A) in the presenceof an alcohol activating agent. In one embodiment, the alcoholactivating agent is thionyl chloride. In another specific embodiment,halogenating reagent is lithium bromide, sodium bromide, potassiumbromide, potassium iodide, or sodium iodide. In another specificembodiment, the halogenating reagent is carbontetrachloride/triphenylphosphine, methanesulfonyl (mesyl)chloride/lithium chloride, or methanesulfonyl (mesyl) chloride/pyridine.

In yet another specific embodiment, the methods of the sixteenthembodiment comprise reacting the compound of formula (1a) or (1A) withLiBr in the presence of thionyl chloride.

Any suitable solvents can be used in the methods of the sixteenthembodiment described above. Exemplary solvents include, but are notlimited to, DMF, CH₂Cl₂, THF, dichloroethane, etc.

In a seventeenth embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (10a′),

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a compound of formula(12a),

with a monomer compound of the formula (a₁),

wherein X₁ is —Br, —I, —Cl, a sulfonate ester or an activated ester; andR₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, or nitropyridyl.

Also provided in the seventeenth embodiment is a method of preparing acompound of formula (10A′)

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a compound of formula(12A),

with a monomer compound of the formula (a₁),

wherein X₁ is —Br, —I, —Cl, a sulfonate ester or an activated ester.

Also provided in the seventeenth embodiment is a method of preparing acompound of formula (7a1′),

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a compound of formula(12a) with a monomer compound of formula (d₁), wherein X₁ is —Br, —I,—Cl, a sulfonate ester or an activated ester; P₃ is H or an amineprotecting group; and R₁₀₁ is a (C₁-C₃)alkoxy.

Also provided in the seventeenth embodiment is a method of preparing acompound of formula (7A1′),

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a compound of formula(12A) with a monomer compound of formula (d₁), wherein X₁ is —Br, —I,—Cl, a sulfonate ester or an activated ester; and P₃ is H or an amineprotecting group.

In a specific embodiment, for formula (7a1′) or (7A1′), P₃ is H. Inanother specific embodiment, P₃ is an amine protecting group asdescribed herein.

In a specific embodiment, for methods of the seventeenth embodiment, X₁is —Br, —I, or a sulfonate ester. In another specific embodiment, X₁ isa sulfonate ester. In a more specific embodiment, X₁ is mesylate.

In a specific embodiment, the compound of formula (12a) or (12A) isreacted with the monomer compound of formula (a₁) in the presence of abase. Examples of suitable base include, but are not limited to, sodiumcarbonate, potassium carbonate, cesium carbonate, sodium hydride, orpotassium hydride. In one embodiment, the base is potassium carbonate.

In another specific embodiment, the compound of formula (12a) or (12A)is reacted with the monomer compound of formula (d₁) in the presence ofa base. Examples of suitable base include, but are not limited to,sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, cesium carbonate, sodium hydride,or potassium hydride. In one embodiment, the base is potassiumcarbonate.

For the methods of the seventeenth embodiment, any suitable solvents canbe used. In one embodiment, the solvent is DMF.

In another specific embodiment, excess molar equivalent of the compoundof formula (12a) or (12A) relative to the monomer compound of formula(a₁) or (d₁) is used in the reaction.

In a eighteenth embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (7a′),

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a compound of formula(10a′),

or a salt thereof, with an imine reducing agent, wherein X₁ is —Br, —I,—Cl, a sulfonate ester or an activated ester; and R₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl,pyridyl, or nitropyridyl.

Also provided in the eighteenth embodiment is a method of preparing acompound of formula (7A′),

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a compound of formula(10A′),

or a salt thereof, with an imine reducing agent, wherein X₁ is —Br, —I,—Cl, a sulfonate ester or an activated ester.

In a specific embodiment, for methods of the eighteenth embodiment, X₁is —Br, —I, or a sulfonate ester. In another specific embodiment, X₁ isa sulfonate ester. Preferably, X₁ is mesylate.

In another specific embodiment, for methods of the eighteenthembodiment, the imine reducing reagent is a hydride reducing reagent. Ina more specific embodiment, the imine reducing reagent is sodiumborohydride, sodium triacetoxy borohydride, sodium cyanoborohydride,lithium aluminum hydride, hydrogen gas, ammonium formate, borane,9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (9-BBN), diisobutylaluminium hydride (DIBAL),lithium borohydride (LiBH₄), potassium borohydride (KBH₄), or sodiumbis(2-methoxyethoxy)aluminumhydride (Red-Al). Even more specifically,the imine reducing reagent is sodium triacetoxy borohydride(NaBH(OAc)₃).

Any suitable solvents can be used in the methods of the eighteenthembodiment. In one embodiment, the solvent is dichloroethane.

In a nineteenth embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (Ia′),

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said method comprisingthe steps of:

(1) reacting a compound of formula (1a) with a halogenating reagent, asulfonating reagent or an esterification reagent,

to form a compound of formula (12a),

(2) reacting the compound of formula (12a) with a monomer compound ofthe formula (a₁),

to form a compound of a formula (10a′),

(3) reacting the compound of formula (10a′) with a monomer compound ofthe formula (d₁),

to form a compound of formula (18a),and

(4) when P₃ is an amine protecting group, reacting the compound offormula (18a) with an amine deprotecting reagent to form the compound offormula (Ia′), wherein X₁ is —Br, —I, —Cl, a sulfonate ester or anactivated ester; P₃ is H or an amine protecting group; and R₁₀₁ is(C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, or nitropyridyl.

Also provided in the nineteenth embodiment is a method of preparing acompound of formula (IA),

and (4) when P₃ is an amine protecting group, reacting the compound offormula (18 a) with an amine deprotecting reagent to form the compoundof formula (Ia′), wherein X₁ is -Br, -I, -Cl, a sulfonate ester or anactivated ester; P₃ is H or an amine protecting group; and R₁₀₁ is(C₁-C₃ )alkyl, pyridyl, or nitropyridyl.

Also provided in the nineteenth embodiment is a method of preparing acompound of formula (IA),

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said method comprisingthe steps of:

(1) reacting a compound of formula (1A) with a halogenating reagent, asulfonating reagent or an esterification reagent,

to form a compound of formula (12A),

(2) reacting the compound of formula (12A) with a monomer compound ofthe formula (a₁),

to form a compound of a formula (10A′),

(3) reacting the compound of formula (10A′) with a monomer compound ofthe formula (d₁),

to form a compound of formula (18A),

and

(4) when P₃ is an amine protecting group, reacting the compound offormula (18A) with an amine deprotecting reagent to form the compound offormula (IA), wherein X₁ is —Br, —I, —Cl, a sulfonate ester or anactivated ester; P₃ is H or an amine protecting group.

In a specific embodiment, for methods of the nineteenth embodiment, X₁is —Br, —I, or a sulfonate ester.

In a specific embodiment, for methods of the nineteenth embodiment, P₃is H and the compound of (10a′) or (10A) is reacted with the monomercompound of (d₁) to form a compound of (Ia′) or (IA), respectively.

In another specific embodiment, for methods of the nineteenthembodiment, P₃ is P₂; the monomer compound is represented by formula(c₁):

and the compound of formula (18a) or (18A) is represented by formula(11a) or (11A), respectively:

wherein P₂ is an amine protecting group.

The conditions and reagents for the method of nineteenth embodiment areas described above in the sixteenth, seventeenth, thirteenth and/orfourteenth embodiment(s) and any specific embodiments described therein.

In a twentieth embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (Ia′),

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said method comprisingthe steps of:

(1) reacting a halogenating reagent, a sulfonating reagent or anesterification reagent with a compound of formula (1a),

to form a compound of formula (12a),

(2) reacting the compound of formula (12a) with a monomer compound ofthe formula (a₁),

to form a compound of a formula (10a′),

(3) reacting the compound (10a′) with an imine reducing reagent to forma compound (7a′),

(4) reacting the compound of formula (7a′) with a monomer compound ofthe formula (a₁),

to form a compound of formula (Ia′), or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof, wherein X₁ is —Br, —I, —Cl, a sulfonate ester or anactivated ester; and R₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, or nitropyridyl.

Also provided in the twentieth embodiment is a method of preparing acompound of (IA),

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said method comprisingthe steps of:

(1) reacting a halogenating reagent, a sulfonating reagent or a secondesterification reagent with a compound of formula (1A),

to form a compound of formula (12A),

(2) reacting the compound of formula (12A) with a monomer compound ofthe formula (a₁),

to form a compound of a formula (10A′),

(3) reacting the compound (10A′) with an imine reducing reagent to forma compound (7A′),

(4) reacting the compound of formula (7A′) with a monomer compound ofthe formula (a₁),

to form a compound of formula (IA′), or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof, wherein X₁ is —Br, —I, —Cl, a sulfonate ester or anactivated ester.

In a specific embodiment, for methods of the twentieth embodiment, X₁ is—Br, —I, or a sulfonate ester.

The conditions and reagents for the method of twentieth embodiment areas described above in the sixteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth and/oreighth embodiment(s) and any specific embodiments described therein.

In a twenty-first embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (Ia′),

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said method comprisingthe steps of:

(1) reacting a halogenating reagent, a sulfonating reagent or anesterification reagent with a compound of formula (1a),

to form a compound of formula (12a),

(2) reacting the compound of formula (12a) with a monomer compound ofthe formula (d₁),

to form a compound of a formula (7a1′),

(3) reacting the compound of formula (7a1′) with a monomer compound ofthe formula (a₁),

to form a compound of formula (18a),

and

(4) when P₃ is an amine protecting group, reacting the compound offormula (18a) with an amine deprotecting reagent to form the compound offormula (Ia′); wherein X₁ is —Br, —I, —Cl, a sulfonate ester or anactivated ester; P₃ is H or an amine protecting group; and R₁₀₁ is(C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, or nitropyridyl.

Also provided in the twenty-first embodiment is a method of preparing acompound of formula (IA),

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said method comprisingthe steps of:

(1) reacting a halogenating reagent, a sulfonating reagent or anesterification reagent with a compound of formula (1A),

to form a compound of formula (12A),

(2) reacting the compound of formula (12A) with a monomer compound ofthe formula (d₁),

to form a compound of a formula (7A1′),

(3) reacting the compound of formula (7A1′) with a monomer compound ofthe formula (a₁),

to form a compound of formula (18A),

and

(4) when P₃ is an amine protecting group, reacting the compound offormula (18A) with an amine deprotecting reagent to form the compound offormula (IA); wherein X₁ is —Br, —I, —Cl, a sulfonate ester or anactivated ester; P₃ is H or an amine protecting group.

In one embodiment, for methods of the twenty-first embodiment, P₃ is H.

In another embodiment, for methods of the twenty-first embodiment, X₁ is—Br, —Cl or a sulfonate ester.

The conditions and reagents for the methods of twenty-first embodimentare as described above in the sixteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth, eighthand/or fourteenth embodiment(s) and any specific embodiments describedtherein.

In a twenty-second embodiment, the present invention provides a methodof preparing a compound of formula (13a),

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a chlorinatingreagent with a compound of formula (2a),

wherein P₁ is an alcohol protecting group; X₃ is —Cl; and R₁₀₁ is(C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, or nitropyridyl.

Also provided in the twenty-second embodiment is a method of preparing acompound of formula (13A),

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a chlorinatingreagent with a compound of formula (2A),

wherein P₁ is an alcohol protecting group and X₃ is —Cl.

In another specific embodiment, for methods of the twenty-secondembodiment, the alcohol protecting group is pivoloyl, methoxymethyl,2-methoxyethoxymethyl, p-methoxybenzyl, 3,4-dimethyoxybenzyl,2,6-dimethyoxybenzyl, diphenylmethyl, benzyloxymethyl,2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl,benzyl, benzoyl, para-phenylbenzoyl, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl,para-bromobenzoyl, para-nitrobenzoyl, picolinoyl, nicotinoyl,5-dibenzosuberyl, trityl/triphenylmethyl, ortris(4-tert-butylphenyl)methyl. Preferably, the alcohol protecting groupis methoxymethyl, tetrahydropyranyl, 2-methoxyethoxymethyl,p-methoxybenzyl, benzyloxymethyl, or 2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl. Evenmore preferably, the alcohol protecting group is2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl.

In another specific embodiment, the alcohol protecting group is a silylprotecting group. For example, the silyl protecting group isdimethylisopropylsilyl, diethylisopropylsilyl, dimethylhexylsilyl,trimethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl, tribenzylsilyl, triphenylsilyl,2-norbornyldimethylsilyl, tert-butyldimethylsilyl,tert-butyldiphenylsilyl, 2-trimethyethylsilyl (TEOC), or[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl. Preferably, the silyl protecting groupis triethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl, or tert-butyldimethylsilyl. Morepreferably, the silyl protecting group is tert-butyldimethylsilyl.

In one embodiment, the base is used. The base can be a non-nucleophilicbase. Examples of non-nucleophilic base include, but are not limited to,triethylamine, imidazole, diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA), pyridine,2,6-lutidine, dimethylformamide, 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene(DBU), or tetramethylpiperidine. Preferably, the non-nucleophilic baseis pyridine.

Any suitable organic solvents can be used for the methods of thetwenty-second embodiment. Exemplary solvents include, but are notlimited to, DMF, CH₂Cl₂, dichloroethane, THF, dimethylacetamide, etc. Incertain embodiments, DMF is used as the solvent.

In a twenty-third embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (14a),

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a compound of formula(13a)

with an alcohol deprotecting reagent, wherein P₁ is an alcoholprotecting group; X₃ is —Cl; and R₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, ornitropyridyl.

Also provided in the twenty-third embodiment is a method of preparing acompound of formula (14A),

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a compound of formula(13A)

with an alcohol deprotecting reagent, wherein P₁ is an alcoholprotecting group; and X₃ is —Cl.

In another specific embodiment, for methods of the twenty-thirdembodiment, the alcohol deprotecting reagent is tetra-n-butylammoniumfluoride, tris(dimethylamino)sulfonium difluorotrimethylsilicate,hydrogen fluoride or a solvate thereof, hydrogen fluoride pyridine,silicon tetrafluoride, hexafluorosilicic acid, cesium fluoride,hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, pyridiniump-toluensulfonate, p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TsOH), formic acid, orperiodic acid. Preferably, the alcohol deprotecting reagent is hydrogenfluoride pyridine.

In a twenty-fourth embodiment, the present invention provides a methodof preparing a compound of formula (15a):

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a sulfonating reagentor an esterification reagent with a compound of formula (14a),

wherein X₃ is —Cl; X₄ is a sulfonate ester or an activated ester; andR₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, or nitropyridyl.

Also provided in the twenty-fourth embodiment is a method of preparing acompound of formula (15A),

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a sulfonating reagentor an esterification reagent with a compound of formula (14A),

Wherein X₃ is —Cl; and X₄ is a sulfonate ester or an activated ester.

In a specific embodiment, for methods of the twenty-fourth embodiment,X₄ is a sulfonate ester.

In another specific embodiment, for methods of the twenty-fourthembodiment, the sulfonating reagent is methanesufonyl anhydride,methanesufonyl chloride, p-toluenesulfonyl chloride,4-bromobenzenesulfonyl chloride, or trifluoromethanesulfonyl anhydride.

In another specific embodiment, for methods of the twenty-fourthembodiment, the sulfonate ester is mesylate, tosylate, brosylate, ortriflate. Preferably, the sulfonate ester is mesylate.

In another embodiment, for methods of the twenty-fourth embodiment, abase is used. The base can be a non-nucleophilic base. Examples ofnon-nucleophilic base include, but are not limited to, triethylamine,imidazole, diisopropylethylamine, pyridine, 2,6-lutidine,dimethylformamide, 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU), ortetramethylpiperidine. Preferably, the non-nucleophilic base isdiisopropylethylamine.

In a twenty-fifth embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (20a):

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a brominating oriodinating reagent with a compound of formula (14a),

wherein X₃ is —Cl; X₅ is —Br or —I; and R₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl,or nitropyridyl.

Also provided in the twenty-fifth embodiment is a method of preparing acompound of formula (20A):

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a brominating oriodinating reagent with a compound of formula (14A),

wherein X₃ is —Cl; X₅ is —Br or —I; and R₁₀₀ is (C₁-C₃)alkoxy.

In a specific embodiment, for methods of the twenty-fifth embodiment,the brominating or iodinating reagent is bromine, hydrobromic acid,carbon tetrabromide, phosphorus tribromide, potassium bromide,hydroiodic acid, iodine, carbon tetraiodide, phosphorus triiodide,sodium iodide, or potassium iodide.

In a twenty-sixth embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (16a):

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a compound of formula(15d)

with a monomer compound of formula (a₁),

wherein X₃ is —Cl; X₄ is a sulfonate ester or an activated ester; andR₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, or nitropyridyl.

Also provided in the twenty-sixth embodiment is a method of preparing acompound of formula (16A),

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a compound of formula(15A)

with a monomer compound of formula (a₁),

wherein X₃ is —Cl; and X₄ is a sulfonate ester or an activated ester.

In a specific embodiment, for methods of the twenty-sixth embodiment, X₄is a sulfonate ester.

In an embodiment, for methods of the twenty-sixth embodiment, a base isused. In specific embodiment, the base is sodium carbonate, potassiumcarbonate, cesium carbonate, sodium hydride, or potassium hydride.Preferably, the base is potassium carbonate.

Any suitable organic solvents can be used for the methods of thetwenty-sixth embodiment. Exemplary solvents include, but are not limitedto, DMF, CH₂Cl₂, dichloroethane, THF, dimethylacetamide, etc. In certainembodiments, dimethylacetamide is used as the solvent.

In a twenty-seventh embodiment, the present invention provides a methodof preparing a compound of formula (16a),

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a compound of formula(20a)

with a monomer compound of formula (a₁),

wherein X₃ is —Cl; X₅ is —Br or —I; and R₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl,or nitropyridyl.

Also provided in the twenty-seventh embodiment is a method of preparinga compound of formula (16A),

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a compound of formula(20A)

with a monomer compound of formula (a₁),

wherein X₃ is —Cl and X₅ is —Br or —I.

In a specific embodiment, for methods of the twenty-seventh embodiment,the compound of formula (20a) or (20A) is reacted with the monomercompound of formula (a₁) in the presence of a base. Any suitable basecan be used. In one embodiment, the base is sodium carbonate, potassiumcarbonate, cesium carbonate, sodium hydride, or potassium hydride. Morespecifically, the base is potassium carbonate.

In one embodiment, for methods of the twenty-seventh embodiment, anysuitable solvent can be used for the reactions of compounds of formula(20a) or (20A) with the monomer compounds of formula (a₁). In a specificembodiment, the reaction is carried out in a polar aprotic solvent. Morespecifically, the aprotic solvent is dimethylacetamide.

In a twenty-eighth embodiment, the present invention provides a methodof preparing a compound of formula (16a),

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a compound of formula(14a)

with a monomer compound of formula (a₁),

wherein X₃ is —Cl; and R₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, or nitropyridyl.

Also included in the twenty-eighth embodiment is a method of preparing acompound of formula (16A),

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a compound of formula(14A)

with a monomer compound of formula (a₁),

wherein X₃ is —Cl.

In a specific embodiment, for methods of the twenty-eighth embodiment,the compound of formula (14a) or (14A) is reacted with a monomer offormula (a₁) in the presence of an alcohol activating agent. In oneembodiment, the alcohol activating agent is a trialkyl phosphine,triarylphosphine, or triheteroarylphosphine. In a specific embodiment,the alcohol activating agent is trimethylphosphine, tributylphosphine,tri(o-tolyl)phosphine, tri(m-tolyl)phosphine, tri(p-tolyl)phosphine,tri(2-pyridyl)phosphine, tri(3-pyridyl)phosphine,tri(4-pyridyl)phosphine, or[4-(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-Heptadecafluorodecyl)phenyl]diphenylphosphine. In another embodiment, the alcohol activating agentcan be a phosphine-like reagents, such as(tributylphosphoranylidene)acetonitrile,(cyanomethylene)tributylphosphorane (CMBP), or(cyanomethylene)trimethylphosphorane (CMMP). In a more specificembodiment, the alcohol activating agent is triphenylphosphine. In oneembodiment, the alcohol activating agent can be polymer-bound orpolymer-supported, such as polymer-bound or polymer-supported trialkylphosphine, triarylphosphine (e.g., triphenylphosphine), ortriheteroarylphosphine.

In another specific embodiment, for methods of the twenty-eighthembodiment, the compound of formula (14a) or (14A) is reacted with amonomer of formula (a₁) in the presence of an azodicarboxylate. In oneembodiment, the azodicarboxylate is selected from the group consistingof: diethyl azodicarboxylate (DEAD), diisopropyl azodicarboxylate(DIAD), 1,1′-(azodicarbonyl)dipiperidine (ADDP), ditertbutylazodicarboxylate (DTAD),1,6-dimethyl-1,5,7-hexahydro-1,4,6,7-tetrazocin-2,5-dione (DHTD),di-(4-chlorobenzyl)azodicarboxylate (DCAD), azodicarboxylicdimorpholide, N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylazodicarboxamide (TMAD),N,N,N′,N′-tetraisopropylazodicarboxamide (TIPA), 4,4′-azopyridine, bis(2,2,2-trichloroethyl) azodicarboxylate,o-(tert-Butyldimethylsilyl)-N-tosylhydroxylamine,di-(4-chlorobenzyl)azodicarboxylate, cyclic1,6-dimethyl-1,5,7-hexahydro-1,4,6,7-tetrazocin-2,5-dione (DHTD),dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD), di-2-methoxyethylazodicarboxylate, di-(4-chlorobenzyl)azodicarboxylate andbis(4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,9-tridecafluorononyl) azodicarboxylate. Morespecifically, the azodicarboxylate is DIAD. In one embodiment, theazodicarboxylate is polymer-bound or polymer supported, such aspolymer-supported alkylazodicarboxylate (e.g. polymer-bound DEAD, DIAD,DTAD or ADDP).

In yet another specific embodiment, for methods of the twenty-eighthembodiment, the compound of formula (14a) or (14A) is reacted with amonomer of formula (a₁) in the presence of triphenylphosphine and anazodicarboxylate. In one embodiment, the azodicarboxylate is selectedfrom the group consisting of: diethyl azodicarboxylate (DEAD),diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (DIAD), 1,1′-(azodicarbonyl)dipiperidine(ADDP), and ditertbutyl azodicarboxylate (DTAD). More specifically, theazodicarboxylate is DIAD.

In a twenty-ninth embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (18a):

a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said method comprisingreacting a compound of formula of (16a):

with a reduced monomer of formula (d₁):

wherein X₃ is —Cl; P₃ is H or an amine protecting group; and R₁₀₁ is(C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, or nitropyridyl.

Also provided in the twenty-ninth embodiment is a method of preparing acompound of formula (18A),

a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said method comprisingreacting a compound of formula of (16A):

with a reduced monomer of formula (d₁):

wherein X₃ is —Cl; and P₃ is H or an amine protecting group.

In one embodiment, for methods of the twenty-ninth embodiment, thereaction between the compound of formula (16a) or (16A) and the reducedmonomer of formula (d₁) is carried out in the presence of a base. Inspecific embodiment, the base is sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate,cesium carbonate, sodium hydride, or potassium hydride. Preferably, thebase is potassium carbonate.

Any suitable organic solvents can be used for the methods of thetwenty-ninth embodiment. In one embodiment, the solvent is a polaraprotic solvent. Exemplary solvents include, but are not limited to,dimethylformamide (DMF), CH₂Cl₂, dichloroethane, THF, dimethylacetamide,etc. In certain embodiments, dimethylformamide or dimethylacetamide isused as the solvent.

In a specific embodiment of the twenty-ninth embodiment, the compound offormula (16a) or (16A) is reacted with reduced monomer of formula (d₁),wherein P₃ is H, to form a compound of formula (Ia′) or (IA),respectively.

In another specific embodiment of the twenty-ninth embodiment, P₃ is anamine protecting group. Any suitable amine protecting group can be usedin the method described above. In one embodiment, the amine protectinggroup is 2-trimethylsilylethyl, (2-phenyl-2-trimethylsilyl)ethyl,triisopropylsiloxy, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl, allyloxycarbonyl,9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxycarbonyl, or 2,2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl.

When P₃ is an amine protecting group, the compound of formula (18a) or(18A) is further reacted with an amine deprotecting reagent to form acompound of formula (Ia′) or (IA), respectively.

Examples of suitable amine deprotecting reagent include, but are notlimited to, the amine deprotecting reagent is selected from the groupconsisting of tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride, acetic acid, hydrogenfluoride pyridine, cesium fluoride, piperidine, morpholine, ortrifluroacetic acid.

In a thirtieth embodiment, the present invention provides a method forpreparing a compound of formula (17a):

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a compound of formula(15a)

with a monomer compound of formula (d₁),

wherein X₃ is —Cl; X₄ is a sulfonate ester or an activated ester; P₃ isH or an amine protecting group; and R₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, ornitropyridyl. In one embodiment, X₄ is an activated ester.

Also included in the thirtieth embodiment is a method of preparing acompound of formula (17A),

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a compound of formula(15A)

with a monomer compound of formula (d₁),

wherein X₃ is —Cl; X₄ is a sulfonate ester or an activated ester; and P₃is H or an amine protecting group. In one embodiment, X₄ is an activatedester.

In an embodiment, for methods of the thirtieth embodiment, a base isused. In specific embodiment, the base is sodium carbonate, potassiumcarbonate, cesium carbonate, sodium hydride, or potassium hydride.Preferably, the base is potassium carbonate.

Any suitable organic solvents can be used for the methods of thethirtieth embodiment. Exemplary solvents include, but are not limitedto, DMF, CH₂Cl₂, dichloroethane, THF, dimethylacetamide, etc. In certainembodiments, dimethylacetamide is used as the solvent.

In a specific embodiment of the thirtieth embodiment, P₃ is H and thecompound of formula (15a) or (15A) is reacted with the monomer compoundof formula (d₁) to form a compound of formula (17a′) or (17A′),respectively.

In another specific embodiment of the thirtieth embodiment, P₃ is anamine protecting group and the method further comprises the step ofreacting the compound of formula (17a) or (17A) with an aminedeprotecting reagent to form a compound of formula (17a′) or (17A′),respectively.

Examples of suitable amine deprotecting reagent include, but are notlimited to, the amine deprotecting reagent is selected from the groupconsisting of tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride, acetic acid, hydrogenfluoride pyridine, cesium fluoride, piperidine, morpholine, ortrifluroacetic acid.

In a thirty-first embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (17a),

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a compound of formula(14a)

with a monomer compound of formula (d₁),

wherein X₃ is —Cl; P₃ is H or an amine protecting group; and R₁₀₁ is(C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, or nitropyridyl.

Also included in the thirty-first embodiment is a method of preparing acompound of formula (17A),

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a compound of formula(14A)

with a monomer compound of formula (d₁),

wherein X₃ is —Cl; and P₃ is H or an amine protecting group.

In a specific embodiment, for methods of the thirty-first embodiment,the compound of formula (14a) or (14A) is reacted with a monomer offormula (d₁) in the presence of an alcohol activating agent. In oneembodiment, the alcohol activating agent is a trialkyl phosphine,triarylphosphine, or triheteroarylphosphine. In a specific embodiment,the alcohol activating agent is trimethylphosphine, tributylphosphine,tri(o-tolyl)phosphine, tri(m-tolyl)phosphine, tri(p-tolyl)phosphine,tri(2-pyridyl)phosphine, tri(3-pyridyl)phosphine,tri(4-pyridyl)phosphine, or[4-(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-heptadecafluorodecyl)phenyl]diphenylphosphine.In another embodiment, the alcohol activating agent can be aphosphine-like reagent, such as (tributylphosphoranylidene)acetonitrile,(cyanomethylene)tributylphosphorane (CMBP), or(cyanomethylene)trimethylphosphorane (CMMP). In a more specificembodiment, the alcohol activating agent is triphenylphosphine. In oneembodiment, the alcohol activating agent can be polymer-bound orpolymer-supported, such as polymer-bound or polymer-supported trialkylphosphine, triarylphosphine (e.g., triphenylphosphine), ortriheteroarylphosphine.

In another specific embodiment, for methods of the thirty-firstembodiment, the compound of formula (14a) or (14A) is reacted with amonomer of formula (d₁) in the presence of an azodicarboxylate. In oneembodiment, the azodicarboxylate is selected from the group consistingof: diethyl azodicarboxylate (DEAD), diisopropyl azodicarboxylate(DIAD), 1,1′-(azodicarbonyl)dipiperidine (ADDP), ditertbutylazodicarboxylate (DTAD),1,6-dimethyl-1,5,7-hexahydro-1,4,6,7-tetrazocin-2,5-dione (DHTD),di-(4-chlorobenzyl)azodicarboxylate (DCAD), azodicarboxylicdimorpholide, N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylazodicarboxamide (TMAD),N,N,N′,N′-tetraisopropylazodicarboxamide (TIPA), 4,4′-azopyridine, bis(2,2,2-trichloroethyl) azodicarboxylate,o-(tert-Butyldimethylsilyl)-N-tosylhydroxylamine,di-(4-chlorobenzyl)azodicarboxylate, cyclic1,6-dimethyl-1,5,7-hexahydro-1,4,6,7-tetrazocin-2,5-dione (DHTD),dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD), di-2-methoxyethylazodicarboxylate, di-(4-chlorobenzyl)azodicarboxylate andbis(4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,9-tridecafluorononyl) azodicarboxylate. Morespecifically, the azodicarboxylate is DIAD. In one embodiment, theazodicarboxylate is polymer-bound or polymer supported, such aspolymer-supported alkylazodicarboxylate (e.g. polymer-bound DEAD, DIAD,DTAD or ADDP).

In yet another specific embodiment, for methods of the thirty-firstembodiment, the compound of formula (14a) or (14A) is reacted with amonomer of formula (d₁) in the presence of triphenylphosphine and anazodicarboxylate. In one embodiment, the azodicarboxylate is selectedfrom the group consisting of: diethyl azodicarboxylate (DEAD),diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (DIAD), 1,1′-(azodicarbonyl)dipiperidine(ADDP), and ditertbutyl azodicarboxylate (DTAD). More specifically, theazodicarboxylate is DIAD.

In a thirty-second embodiment, the present invention provides a methodof preparing a compound of formula (17a):

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a compound of formula(20a)

with a monomer compound of formula (d₁),

wherein X₃ is —Cl; X₅ is —Br or —I; P₃ is H or an amine protectinggroup; and R₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, or nitropyridyl.

Also provided in the thirty-second embodiment is a method of preparing acompound of formula (17A):

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a compound of formula(20A)

with a monomer compound of formula (d₁),

wherein X₃ is —Cl; X₅ is —Br or —I; and P₃ is H or an amine protectinggroup.

In one embodiment, for methods of the thirty-second embodiment, thecompound of formula (20a) or (20A) is reacted with the monomer compoundof formula (d₁) in the presence of a base. Any suitable base can beused. In one embodiment, the base is sodium carbonate, potassiumcarbonate, cesium carbonate, sodium hydride, or potassium hydride. Morespecifically, the base is potassium carbonate.

In another embodiment, for methods of the thirty-second embodiment, anysuitable solvent can be used for the reactions of compounds of formula(20a) or (20A) with the monomer compounds of formula (d₁). In a specificembodiment, the reaction is carried out in a polar aprotic solvent. Morespecifically, the aprotic solvent is dimethylacetamide.

In a specific embodiment of the thirty-second embodiment, P₃ is H andthe compound of formula (20a) or (20A) is reacted with the monomercompound of formula (d₁) to form a compound of formula (17a′) or (17A′),respectively.

In another specific embodiment of the thirty-second embodiment, P₃ is anamine protecting group, the method further comprises the step ofreacting the compound of formula (17a) or (17A) with an aminedeprotecting reagent to form a compound of formula (17a′) or (17A′),respectively.

Examples of suitable amine deprotecting reagent include, but are notlimited to, the amine deprotecting reagent is selected from the groupconsisting of tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride, acetic acid, hydrogenfluoride pyridine, cesium fluoride, piperidine, morpholine, ortrifluroacetic acid.

In a thirty-third embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (17a′):

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a compound of formula(16a)

with an imine reducing agent, wherein X₃ is —Cl; and R₁₀₁ is(C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, or nitropyridyl.

Also included in the thirty-third embodiment is a method of preparing acompound of formula (17A′):

or a salt thereof, said method comprising reacting a compound of formula(16A)

with an imine reducing agent, wherein X₃ is —Cl.

In one specific embodiment, for methods of the thirty-third embodiment,the imine reducing agent is a hydride reducing agent. Examples ofsuitable hydride reducing agents include, but are not limited to, sodiumborohydride, sodium triacetoxy borohydride, sodium cyanoborohydride,lithium aluminum hydride, hydrogen gas, ammonium formate, borane,9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (9-BBN), diisobutylaluminium hydride (DIBAL),lithium borohydride (LiBH₄), potassium borohydride (KBH₄), or sodiumbis(2-methoxyethoxy)aluminumhydride (Red-Al). In one particularembodiment, the hydride reducing agent is sodium triacetoxy borohydride(NaBH(OAc)₃).

In a thirty-fourth embodiment, the present invention provides a methodof preparing a compound of formula (18a),

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said method comprisingreacting a compound of formula of (17a):

with a monomer of formula (a₁):

wherein X₃ is —Cl; P₃ is H or an amine protecting group; and R₁₀₁ is(C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, or nitropyridyl.

Also provided in the thirty-fourth embodiment is a method of preparing acompound of formula (18A),

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said method comprisingreacting a compound of formula of (17A):

with a monomer of formula (a₁):

wherein X₃ is —Cl; and P₃ is H or an amine protecting group.

In one embodiment, for methods of the thirty-fourth embodiment, thereaction between the compound of formula (17a) or (17A) and the monomerof formula (a₁) is carried out in the presence of a base. In specificembodiment, the base is sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, cesiumcarbonate, sodium hydride, or potassiumhydride. Preferably, the base ispotassium carbonate.

Any suitable organic solvents can be used for the methods of thethirty-fourth embodiment. In one embodiment, the solvent is a polaraprotic solvent. Exemplary solvents include, but are not limited to,dimethylformamide (DMF), CH₂Cl₂, dichloroethane, THF, dimethylacetamide,etc. In certain embodiments, dimethylformamide or dimethylacetamide isused as the solvent.

In a specific embodiment of the thirty-fourth embodiment, the compoundof formula (17a) or (17A) is reacted with the monomer of formula (a₁),wherein P₃ is H, to form a compound of formula (Ia′) or (IA),respectively.

In another specific embodiment of the thirty-fourth embodiment, P₃ is anamine protecting group. Any suitable amine protecting group can be usedin the method described above. In one embodiment, the amine protectinggroup is 2-trimethylsilylethyl, (2-phenyl-2-trimethylsilyl)ethyl,triisopropylsiloxy, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl, allyloxycarbonyl,9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxycarbonyl, or 2,2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl.

When P₃ is an amine protecting group, the compound of formula (18a) or(18A) is further reacted with an amine deprotecting reagent to form acompound of formula (Ia′) or (IA), respectively.

Examples of suitable amine deprotecting reagent include, but are notlimited to, the amine deprotecting reagent is selected from the groupconsisting of tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride, acetic acid, hydrogenfluoride pyridine, cesium fluoride, piperidine, morpholine, ortrifluroacetic acid.

In a thirty-fifth embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (18a),

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said method comprisingthe steps of:

(1) reacting a sulfonating reagent or an esterification reagent with thecompound of formula (14a):

or a salt thereof, to form a compound of formula (15a):

or a salt thereof;

(2) reacting the compound of formula (15a) with a monomer compound offormula (a₁),

to form a compound of formula (16a):

or a salt thereof; and

(3) reacting the compound of formula of (16a) with a reduced monomer offormula (d₁):

to form a compound of formula (18a), or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof, wherein X₃ is —Cl; X₄ is a sulfonate ester or an activatedester; P₁ is an alcohol protecting group; P₃ is H or an amine protectinggroup; and R₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, or nitropyridyl. In oneembodiment, X₄ is a sulfonate ester.

Also included in the thirty-fifth embodiment is a method of preparing acompound of formula (18A),

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said method comprisingthe steps of:

(1) reacting a sulfonating reagent or an esterification reagent with thecompound of formula (14A):

or a salt thereof, to form a compound of formula (15A):

or a salt thereof;

(2) reacting the compound of formula (15A) with a monomer compound offormula (a₁),

to form a compound of formula (16A):

or a salt thereof; and

(3) reacting the compound of formula of (16A) with a reduced monomer offormula (d₁):

to form a compound of formula (18A), or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof, wherein X₃ is —Cl; X₄ is a sulfonate ester or an activatedester; P₁ is an alcohol protecting group; and P₃ is H or an amineprotecting group. In one embodiment, X₄ is a sulfonate ester.

The conditions and reagents for the method of thirty-fifth embodimentare as described above in the twenty-fourth, twenty-sixth and/ortwenty-ninth embodiment(s) and any specific embodiments describedtherein.

In a thirty-sixth embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (18a),

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said method comprisingthe steps of:

(1) reacting the compound of formula (14a):

or a salt thereof, with a monomer compound of formula (a₁),

to form a compound of formula (16a):

or a salt thereof; and

(2) reacting the compound of formula of (16a) with a reduced monomer offormula (d₁):

to form a compound of formula (18a), or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof, wherein X₃ is —Cl; P₁ is an alcohol protecting group; P₃is H or an amine protecting group; and R₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, ornitropyridyl.

Also provided in the thirty-sixth embodiment is a method of preparing acompound of formula (18A),

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said method comprisingthe steps of:

(1) reacting the compound of formula (14A):

or a salt thereof, with a monomer compound of formula (a

to form a compound of formula (16A):

or a salt thereof; and

(2) reacting the compound of formula of (16A) with a reduced monomer offormula (d₁):

to form a compound of formula (18A), or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof, wherein X₃ is —Cl; P₁ is an alcohol protecting group; andP₃ is H or an amine protecting group.

The conditions and reagents for the method of thirty-sixth embodimentare as described above in the twenty-eighth, and/or twenty-ninthembodiment(s) and any specific embodiments described therein.

In a thirty-seventh embodiment, the present invention provides a methodof preparing a compound of formula (18a),

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said method comprisingthe steps of:

(1) reacting a halogenating reagent with the compound of formula (14a):

or a salt thereof, to form a compound of formula (20a):

or a salt thereof;

(2) reacting a compound of formula (20a) or a salt thereof with amonomer compound of formula (a₁),

to form a compound of formula (16a):

or a salt thereof; and

(3) reacting the compound of formula of (16a) with a reduced monomer offormula (d₁):

to form a compound of formula (18a), or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof, wherein X₃ is —Cl; X₅ is —Br or —I; P₃ is H or an amineprotecting group; and R₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, or nitropyridyl.

Also provided in the thirty-seventh embodiment is a method of preparinga compound of formula (18A),

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said method comprisingthe steps of:

(1) reacting a halogenating reagent with the compound of formula (14A):

or a salt thereof, to form a compound of formula (20A):

or a salt thereof;

(2) reacting a compound of formula (20A) or a salt thereof with amonomer compound of formula (a₁),

to form a compound of formula (16A):

or a salt thereof; and

(3) reacting the compound of formula of (16A) with a reduced monomer offormula (d₁):

to form a compound of formula (18A), or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof, wherein X₃ is —Cl; X₅ is —Br or —I; and P₃ is H or anamine protecting group.

The conditions and reagents for the method of thirty-seventh embodimentare as described above in the twenty-fifth, twenty-seventh, and/ortwenty-ninth embodiment(s) and any specific embodiments describedtherein.

In a specific embodiment, for the methods of the thirty-fifth,thirty-sixth and thirty-seventh embodiments, P₃ is H, the compound offormula (16a) or (16A) is reacted with reduced monomer of formula (d₁)to form a compound of formula (Ia′) or (IA) respectively.

In another specific embodiment, for the methods of thirty-fifth,thirty-sixth and thirty-seventh embodiments, P₃ is an amine protectinggroup and the methods further comprise reacting the compound of formula(18a) or (18A) with an amine deprotecting reagent to form a compound offormula (Id′) or (IA) respectively.

In a thirty-eighth embodiment, the present invention provides a methodof preparing a compound of formula (18a),

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said method comprisingthe steps of:

(1) reacting a sulfonating reagent or an esterification reagent with thecompound of formula (14a):

or a salt thereof, to form a compound of formula (15a):

or a salt thereof;

(2) reacting the compound of formula (15a) with a reduced monomercompound of formula (d₁),

to form a compound of formula (17a):

or a salt thereof; and

(3) reacting the compound of formula of (17a) with a monomer of formula(a₁):

to form a compound of formula (18a), or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof, wherein X₃ is —Cl; X₄ is a sulfonate ester or an activatedester; P₁ is an alcohol protecting group; P₃ is H or an amine protectinggroup; and R₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, or nitropyridyl. In oneembodiment, X₄ is a sulfonate ester.

Also provided in the thirty-eighth embodiment is a method of preparing acompound of formula (18A),

(1) reacting a sulfonating reagent or an esterification reagent with thecompound of formula (14A):

or a salt thereof, to form a compound of formula (15A):

or a salt thereof;

(2) reacting the compound of formula (15A) with a reduced monomercompound of formula (d₁),

to form a compound of formula (17A):

or a salt thereof; and

(3) reacting the compound of formula of (17A) with a monomer of formula(a₁):

to form a compound of formula (18A), or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof, wherein X₃ is —Cl; X₄ is a sulfonate ester or an activatedester; P₁ is an alcohol protecting group; and P₃ is H or an amineprotecting group. In one embodiment, X₄ is a sulfonate ester.

The conditions and reagents for the method of thirty-eighth embodimentare as described above in the twenty-fifth, thirtieth and/orthirty-fourth embodiment(s) and any specific embodiments describedtherein.

In a thirty-ninth embodiment, the present invention provides method ofpreparing a compound of formula (18a),

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said method comprisingthe steps of:

(1) reacting the compound of formula (14a):

or a salt thereof, with a reduced monomer compound of formula (d₁),

to form a compound of formula (17a):

or a salt thereof; and

(2) reacting the compound of formula of (17a) with a monomer of formula(a₁):

to form a compound of formula (18a), or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof, wherein X₃ is —Cl; P₁ is an alcohol protecting group; P₃is H or an amine protecting group; and R₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, ornitropyridyl.

Also provided in the thirty-ninth embodiment is a method of preparing acompound of formula (18A),

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said method comprisingthe steps of:

(1) reacting the compound of formula (14A):

or a salt thereof, with a reduced monomer compound of formula (d₁),

to form a compound of formula (17A):

or a salt thereof; and

(2) reacting the compound of formula of (17A) with a monomer of formula(a₁):

to form a compound of formula (18A), or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof, wherein X₃ is —Cl; P₁ is an alcohol protecting group; andP₃ is H or an amine protecting group.

The conditions and reagents for the method of thirty-ninth embodimentare as described above in the thirty-first and/or thirty-fourthembodiment(s) and any specific embodiments described therein.

In a fortieth embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (18a),

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said method comprisingthe steps of:

(1) reacting a brominating or iodinating reagent with the compound offormula (14a):

or a salt thereof, to form a compound of formula (20a):

or a salt thereof;

(2) reacting the compound of formula (20a) with a reduced monomercompound of formula (d₁),

to form a compound of formula (17a):

or a salt thereof; and

(3) reacting the compound of formula of (17a) with a monomer of formula(a₁):

to form a compound of formula (18a), or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof, wherein X₃ is —Cl; X₅ is —Br or —I; P₁ is an alcoholprotecting group; P₃ is H or an amine protecting group; and R₁₀₁ is(C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, or nitropyridyl.

Also provided in the fortieth embodiment is a method of preparing acompound of formula (18A),

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said method comprisingthe steps of:

(1) reacting a brominating or iodinating reagent with the compound offormula (14A):

or a salt thereof, to form a compound of formula (20A):

or a salt thereof;

(2) reacting the compound of formula (20A) with a reduced monomercompound of formula (d₁),

to form a compound of formula (17A):

or a salt thereof; and

(3) reacting the compound of formula of (17A) with a monomer of formula(a₁):

to form a compound of formula (18A), or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt thereof, wherein X₃ is —Cl; X₅ is —Br or —I; P₁ is an alcoholprotecting group; and P₃ is H or an amine protecting group.

The conditions and reagents for the method of fortieth embodiment are asdescribed above in the twenty-fifth, thirty-second and/or thirty-fourthembodiment(s) and any specific embodiments described therein.

In a specific embodiment, for the methods of the thirty-eighth,thirty-ninth and fortieth embodiments, P₃ is H, the compound of formula(17a) or (17A) is reacted with the monomer of formula (a₁) to form acompound of formula (Ia′) or (IA) respectively.

In another specific embodiment, for the methods of thirty-eighth,thirty-ninth and fortieth embodiments, P₃ is an amine protecting groupand the methods further comprise reacting the compound of formula (18a)or (18A) with an amine deprotecting reagent to form a compound offormula (Id′) or (IA) respectively.

In a forty-first embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (Ia′),

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said method comprisingthe steps of:

(1) reacting a sulfonating reagent or an esterification reagent with thecompound of formula (14a):

or a salt thereof, to form a compound of formula (15a):

or a salt thereof;

(2) reacting the compound of formula (15a) with a monomer compound offormula (a₁),

to form a compound of formula (16a):

or a salt thereof;

(3) reacting the compound of formula (16a) with an imine reducing agentto form a compound of formula (17a′):

or a salt thereof; and

(4) reacting the compound of formula (17a′) with a monomer of formula(a₁):

to form the compound of formula (Id′); wherein X₃ is —Cl; X₄ is asulfonate ester or an activated ester; P₁ is an alcohol protectinggroup; P₂ is an amine protecting group; and R₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl,pyridyl, or nitropyridyl. In one embodiment, X₄ is a sulfonate ester.

Also provided in the forty-first embodiment is a method of preparing acompound of formula (IA),

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said method comprisingthe steps of:

(1) reacting a sulfonating reagent or an esterification reagent with thecompound of formula (14A):

or a salt thereof, to form a compound of formula (15A):

or a salt thereof;

(2) reacting the compound of formula (15A) with a monomer compound offormula (a₁),

to form a compound of formula (16d):

or a salt thereof;

(3) reacting the compound of formula (16A) with an imine reducing agentto form a compound of formula (17A′):

or a salt thereof; and

(4) reacting the compound of formula (17A′) with a monomer of formula(a₁):

to form the compound of formula (IA); wherein X₃ is —Cl; X₄ is asulfonate ester or an activated ester; P₁ is an alcohol protectinggroup; and P₂ is an amine protecting group. In one embodiment, X₄ is asulfonate ester.

The conditions and reagents for the method of forty-first embodiment areas described above in the twenty-fourth, twenty-sixth and/orthirty-fourth embodiment(s) and any specific embodiments describedtherein.

In a forty-second embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (Ia′),

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said method comprisingthe steps of:

(1) reacting the compound of formula (14a):

or a salt thereof, with a monomer compound of formula (a₁),

to form a compound of formula (16a):

or a salt thereof;

(2) reacting the compound of formula (16a) with an imine reducing agentto form a compound of formula (17a′):

or a salt thereof; and

(3) reacting the compound of formula (17a′) with a monomer of formula(a₁):

to form the compound of formula (Id′); wherein X₃ is —Cl; P₁ is analcohol protecting group; and R₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, ornitropyridyl.

Also provided in the forty-second embodiment is a method of preparing acompound of formula (IA),

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said method comprisingthe steps of:

(1) reacting the compound of formula (14A):

or a salt thereof, with a monomer compound of formula (a₁),

to form a compound of formula (16A):

or a salt thereof;

(2) reacting the compound of formula (16A) with an imine reducing agentto form a compound of formula (17A′):

or a salt thereof; and

(3) reacting the compound of formula (17A′) with a monomer of formula(a₁):

to form the compound of formula (IA); wherein X₃ is —Cl; and P₁ is analcohol protecting group.

The conditions and reagents for the method of forty-second embodimentare as described above in the twenty-eighth, thirty-third and/orthirty-fourth embodiment(s) and any specific embodiments describedtherein.

In a forty-third embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (Ia′),

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said method comprisingthe steps of:

(1) reacting a halogenating reagent with the compound of formula (14a):

or a salt thereof, to form a compound of formula (20a):

or a salt thereof;

(2) reacting a compound of formula (20a) or a salt thereof with amonomer compound of formula (a₁),

to form a compound of formula (16a):

(3) reacting the compound of formula (16a) with an imine reducing agentto form a compound of formula (17a′):

or a salt thereof; and

(4) reacting the compound of formula (17a′) with a monomer of formula(a₁):

to form the compound of formula (Id′); wherein X₃ is —Cl; P₁ is analcohol protecting group; and R₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, ornitropyridyl.

Also provided in the forty-third embodiment is a method of preparing acompound of formula (IA),

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said method comprisingthe steps of:

(1) reacting a halogenating reagent with the compound of formula (14A):

or a salt thereof, to form a compound of formula (20d):

or a salt thereof;

(2) reacting a compound of formula (20A) or a salt thereof with amonomer compound of formula (a₁),

to form a compound of formula (16A):

(3) reacting the compound of formula (16A) with an imine reducing agentto form a compound of formula (17A′):

or a salt thereof; and

(4) reacting the compound of formula (17A′) with a monomer of formula(a₁):

to form the compound of formula (IA); wherein X₃ is —Cl; and P₁ is analcohol protecting group.

The conditions and reagents for the method of the forty-third embodimentare as described above in the twenty-fifth, twenty-seventh, thirty-thirdand/or thirty-fourth embodiment(s) and any specific embodimentsdescribed therein.

In one embodiment, for methods of the thirty-fifth, thirty-sixth,thirty-seventh, thirty-eighth, thirty-ninth, fortieth, forty-first,forty-second and forty-third embodiments described above, the compound(14a) of a salt thereof is prepared a method comprising the followingsteps:

(1) reacting a chlorinating reagent with a compound of formula (2a),

to form a compound a compound of formula (13a),

or a salt thereof; and

(2) reacting the compound of formula (13a) with an alcohol deprotectingreagent to form the compound of formula (14a) or a salt thereof.

In another embodiment, for methods of the thirty-fifth, thirty-sixth,thirty-seventh, thirty-eighth, thirty-ninth, fortieth, forty-first,forty-second and forty-third embodiments described above, the compound(14A) of a salt thereof is prepared a method comprising the followingsteps:

(1) reacting a chlorinating reagent with a compound of formula (2A),

to form a compound a compound of formula (13A),

or a salt thereof; and

(2) reacting the compound of formula (13A) with an alcohol deprotectingreagent to form the compound of formula (14A) or a salt thereof.

The conditions and reagents for the method of preparing compound offormula (14d) or (14A) above are as described above in the twenty-secondand/or twenty-third embodiment(s) and any specific embodiments describedtherein.

In another embodiment, for the methods described above, the compound offormula (2a) is prepared by reacting a compound of formula (1a) with analcohol protecting reagent.

In another embodiment, for the methods described above, the compound offormula (2A) is prepared by reacting a compound of formula (1A) with analcohol protecting reagent.

The conditions and reagents for the method of preparing compound offormula (2a) or (2A) above are as described above in the firstembodiment and any specific embodiments described therein.

In a forty-fourth embodiment, the present invention provides a method ofpreparing a compound of formula (Ia′),

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said method comprisingthe steps of:

(1) reacting a compound of formula (IA):

with a reducing agent to form a compound of formula (IB):

and

(2) reacting the compound of formula (IB) with a compound of formula(L1a),

and a compound of formula (L1b):

in the presence of a reducing agent to form the compound of formula(Ia′), wherein R₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, or nitropyridyl.

In one embodiment, for the method of forty-fourth embodiment, thecompound of formula (IB) is reacted with a compound of formula (L1b) inthe presence of a reducing agent to form a compound of (Ia′-1):

or a salt thereof, followed by reacting the compound of (Ia′-1) with thecompound of formula (L1a) in the presence of a reducing agent to formthe compound of formula (Ia′).

In another embodiment, for the method of forty-fourth embodiment, thecompound of formula (IB) is reacted with a compound of formula (L1a) inthe presence of a reducing agent to form a compound of (Ia′-2)

or a salt thereof, followed by reacting the compound of formula (Ia′-2)with the compound of formula (L1b) in the presence of a reducing agentto form the compound of formula (Ia′).

In a specific embodiment, for methods of forth-fourth embodiment, thereducing agent in step (2) is selected from the group consisting of:sodium borohydride, sodium triacetoxy borohydride, sodiumcyanoborohydride, hydrogen gas, ammonium formate, titanium isopropoxide,borane, 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (9-BBN), lithium borohydride (LiBH₄),potassium borohydride (KBH₄), titanium isopropoxide, and stannouschloride. Preferably, the reducing agent is sodium borohydride, sodiumtriacetoxy borohydride, sodium cyanoborohydride, or potassiumborohydride. Even more preferably, the reducing agent is sodiumborohydride.

Any reducing reagent that can convert a nitro (—NO₂) group to an amine(—NH₂) group can be used in step (1). In one embodiment, the reducingreagent is selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen gas, sodiumhydrosulfite, sodium sulfide, stanneous chloride, titanium (II)chloride, zinc, iron and samarium iodide. In a specific embodiment, thereducing reagent is Fe/NH₄Cl or Zn/NH₄Cl.

In one embodiment, for methods described above, R₁₀₁ is methyl.

The method of the present invention can also be any combination of themethods described above (e.g., methods in the first, second, third,fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, eleventh, twelfth,thirteenth, fourteenth, fifteenth, sixteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth,nineteenth, twentieth, twenty-first, twenty-second, twenty-third,twenty-fourth, twenty-fifth, twenty-sixth, twenty-seventh,twenty-eighth, twenty-ninth, thirtieth, thirty-first, thirty-second,thirty-third, thirty-fourth, thirty-fifth, thirty-sixth, thirty-seventh,thirty-eighty, thirty-ninth, fortieth, forty-first, forty-second,forty-third and forty-fourth embodiment). For example, the combinationof the methods of the first and second embodiments, the combination ofmethods of the first, second, and third embodiments, the combination ofthe methods of the fourth and fifth embodiments, the combination of themethods of the fourth, fifth and sixth embodiments, the combination ofthe methods of the sixth and eighth embodiments, the combination of themethods of thirteenth and fourteenth embodiments, the combination of themethods of thirteenth, fourteenth and fifteenth embodiments, and thecombination of the methods of the seventeenth and eighteenth embodimentsare also included in the present invention. The variable definitionsdescribed in any of the specific embodiments below also apply to anycombination of methods described above.

The reactions described herein in the methods of the present inventioncan be carried out in any suitable solvent(s). In one embodiment, thesolvent is an organic solvent. Exemplary organic solvents include, butare not limited to, dichloromethane, dichloroethane, DMF, DMA, acetone,acetonitrile, THF, DMSO, ethyl acetate etc., or a combination thereof.

The reactions described herein in the methods of the present inventioncan be carried out at any suitable temperature. In one embodiment, thereaction can be carried out at room temperature. In another embodiment,the reaction can carried out at a low temperature, such as 0° C. In yetanother embodiment, the reaction can be carried out at an elevatedtemperature, such as about 40° C., about 50° C. etc.

In certain embodiment, the indolinobenzodiazepine dimer compound offormula (Id′) and (IA) can be prepared according to Schemes 1-10 shownbelow, wherein L′ is

for formula (Ia′); and —NO₂ for formula (IA). In one embodiment, R₁₀₁ isMe.

Compounds of the Invention

The present invention also provides novel compounds described herein. Incertain embodiments, the compounds of the present invention arecompounds of formulas (1a), (1A), (2a), (2A), (2a″), (2A″), (3a), (3A),(3a″), (3A″), (4a), (4A), (4a″), (4A″), (5a), (5A), (5a″), (5A″), (6a),(6A), (7a), (7A), (7a′), (7A′), (7a1′), (7A1′), (7a″), (7A″), (7a′″),(7A′″), (9a), (9A), (10a), (10A), (10a′), (10A′), (11a), (11A), (12a),(12A), (13a), (13A), (14a), (14A), (15a), (15A), (16a), (16A), (17a),(17A), (17a′), (17A′), (18a), (18A), (20a), (20A), (c₁), (d₁), (Ia′),(IA), and (IB), wherein the variables are as described above.

In a 1^(st) specific embodiment, for compound of formula (1a), (2a),(2a″), (3a), (3a″), (4a), (4a″), (5a), (5a″), (6a), (7a), (7a′), (7a1′),(7a″), (7a′″), (9a), (10a), (10a′), (11a), (12a), (13a), (14a), (15a),(16a), (17a), (17a′), (18a), (20a), or (Ia′), R₁₀₁ is -Me.

In a 2^(nd) specific embodiment, for compound of formula (2a), (3a),(4a), (5a), (13a), (2A), (3A), (4A), (5A), (13A), P₁ is a silylprotecting group; and the remaining variables are as described in firstto forty-fourth embodiments or the 1^(st) specific embodiment above.More specifically, the silyl protecting group is dimethylisopropylsilyl,diethylisopropylsilyl, dimethylhexylsilyl, trimethylsilyl,triisopropylsilyl, tribenzylsilyl, triphenylsilyl,2-norbornyldimethylsilyl, tert-butyldimethylsilyl,tert-butyldiphenylsilyl, 2-trimethyethylsilyl (TEOC), or[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl. Even more specifically, the silylprotecting group is triethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl, ortert-butyldimethylsilyl. In another even more specific embodiment, thesilyl protecting group is tert-butyldimethylsilyl.

In a 3^(rd) specific embodiment, for compound of formula (3a), (3a″),(7a′), (7a1′), (12a), (10a′), (3A), (3A″), (7A′), (7A1′), (12A), or(10A′), X₁ is a sulfonate ester; and the remaining variables are asdescribed above in the first to forty-fourth embodiments or in the1^(st) or 2^(nd) specific embodiment. More specifically, the sulfonateester is mesylate, tosylate, brosylate, or triflate. Even morespecifically, the sulfonate ester is mesylate.

In a 4^(th) specific embodiment, for compound of formula (3a), (3a″),(7a′), (7a1′), (12a), (10a′), (3A), (3A″), (7A′), (7A1′), (12A), or(10A′), X₁ is —Br or —I; and the remaining variables are as describedabove in the first to forty-fourth embodiments or in the 1^(st) or2^(nd) specific embodiment. More specifically, X₁ is —Br.

In a 5^(th) specific embodiment, for compound of formula (7a), (10a),(7A), or (10A), X₂ is a sulfonate ester; and the remaining variables areas described above in the first to forty-fourth embodiments or in the1^(st) specific embodiment. More specifically, the sulfonate ester ismesylate, tosylate, brosylate, or triflate. Even more specifically, thesulfonate ester is mesylate.

In a 6^(th) specific embodiment, for compound of (7a″) or (7A″), X₂′ is—Br or —I, and the remaining variables are as described above in thefirst to forty-fourth embodiments or in the 1^(st) specific embodiment.

In a 7^(th) specific embodiment, for the compound of formula (2a″),(3a″), (4a″), (5a″), (2A″), (3A″), (4A″), or (5A″), P₁′ is acetate,allyl, methoxymethyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl,5-dibenzosuberyl, 1-ethoxyethyl, 1-methyl-1-methoxylethyl,2-(phenylselenyl)ethyl, trityl/triphenylmethyl, ortris(4-tert-butylphenyl)methyl; and the remaining variables are asdescribed above in the first to forty-fourth embodiments or in the1^(st), 3^(rd), or 4^(th) specific embodiment. In another specificembodiment, P₁′ is a silyl protecting group; the remaining variables areas described above in the first to forty-fourth embodiments or in the1^(st), 3^(rd), or 4^(th) specific embodiment. In a more specificembodiment, P₁′ is dimethylisopropylsilyl, diethylisopropylsilyl,dimethylhexylsilyl, trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl,tribenzylsilyl, triphenylsilyl, 2-norbornyldimethylsilyl,tert-butyldimethylsilyl, tert-butyldiphenylsilyl, 2-trimethyethylsilyl(TEOC), or [2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl. Even more specifically, P₁′is triethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl, or tert-butyldimethylsilyl. Inanother more specific embodiment, P₁′ is tert-butyldimethylsilyl.

In a 8^(th) specific embodiment, for the compound of formula (13a),(14a), (15a), (16a), (17a), (17a′), (20a), (13A), (14A), (15A), (16A),(17A), (17A′), or (20A), X₃ is chlorine; and the remaining variables areas described above in the first to forty-fourth embodiments or in the1^(st) or 2^(nd) specific embodiment.

In a 9^(th) specific embodiment, for the compound of formula (15a) or(15A), X₄ is a sulfonate ester; and the remaining variables are asdescribed above in the first to forty-fourth embodiments or in the1^(st) or 8^(th) specific embodiment. More specifically, the sulfonateester is mesylate, tosylate, brosylate, or triflate. Even morespecifically, the sulfonate ester is mesylate.

In a 10^(th) specific embodiment, for the compound of formula (c₁),(11a) or (11A), P₂ is an amine protecting group selected from2-trimethylsilylethyl, (2-phenyl-2-trimethylsilyl)ethyl,triisopropylsiloxy, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl, andallyloxycarbonyl, 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl,2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxycarbonyl, and 2, 2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl;and the remaining variables are as described above in the first toforty-fourth embodiments or in the 1^(st) specific embodiment.

In a₁₁th specific embodiment, for the compound of formula (d₁), (7a1′),(17a), (18a), (7A1′), (17A) or (18A), P₃ is H or an amine protectinggroup selected from 2-trimethylsilylethyl,(2-phenyl-2-trimethylsilyl)ethyl, triisopropylsiloxy,2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl, and allyloxycarbonyl,9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxycarbonyl, or 2,2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl; and the remaining variables are asdescribed above in the first to forty-fourth embodiments or in the1^(st) or 8^(th) specific embodiment.

In a 12^(th) specific embodiment, for the compound of (20a) or (20A), X₅is —Br; and the remaining variables are as described above in the firstto forty-fourth embodiments or in the 1^(st) or 8^(th) specificembodiment.

All references cited herein and in the examples that follow areexpressly incorporated by reference in their entireties.

EXAMPLES

The invention will now be illustrated by reference to non-limitingexamples. Unless otherwise stated, all percents, ratios, parts, etc. areby weight. All reagents were purchased from the Aldrich Chemical Co.,New Jersey, or other commercial sources. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (¹HNMR) spectra were acquired on a Bruker 400 MHz instrument. Mass spectrawere acquired on a Bruker Daltonics Esquire 3000 instrument and LCMSwere acquired on an Agilent 1260 Infinity LC with an Agilent 6120 singlequadrupole MS using electrospray ionization and UPLC were acquired on aWaters, Acquity system with a single quadrupole MS Zspray™ (column:Acquity BEH C18, 2.1×50 mm, 1.7 m, method: 2.5 min, flow rate 0.8mL/min, solvent A: water, solvent B: MeCN, 5 to 95% of MeCN over 2.0 minand 95% MeCN for 0.5 min).

The following solvents, reagents, protecting groups, moieties and otherdesignations may be referred to by their abbreviations in parenthesis:

Me=methyl; Et=ethyl; Pr=propyl; i-Pr=isopropyl; Bu=butyl;t-Bu=tert-butyl; Ph=phenyl, and Ac=acetylAcOH or HOAc=acetic acidACN or CH₃CN=acetonitrileAla=alanineAr=argonaq=aqueousBn=benzylBoc or BOC=tert-butoxycarbonylCBr₄=carbontetrabromideCbz or Z=benzyloxycarbonylDCM or CH₂Cl₂=dichloromethaneDCE=1,2-dichloroethaneDMAP=4-dimethylaminopyridineDI water=deionized waterDIBAL=diisobutylaluminum hydride

DIEA or DIPEA=N,N-diisopropylethylamine DMA=N,N-dimethylacetamideDMF=N,N-dimethylformamide

DMSO=dimethyl sulfoxideDTT=dithiothreitolEDC=1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimideEEDQ=N-Ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinolineESI or ES=electrospray ionizationEtOAc=ethylacetateGly=glycineg=gramsh=hourHATU=N,N,N′N′-tetramethyl-O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)uroniumhexaphosphateHPLC=high-performance liquid chromatographyHOBt or HOBT=1-hydroxybenzotriazoleLAH=lithium aluminum hydrideLC=liquid chromatographyLCMS=liquid chromatography mass spectrometrymin=minutesmg=miligramsmL=mililitersmmol=milimolesμg=microgramsμL=microlitersμmol=micromolesMe=methylMeOH=methanolMel=methyliodideMS=mass spectrometryMsCl=methanesulfonyl chloride (mesyl chloride)Ms₂O=methanesulfonic anhydrideMTBE=Methyl tert-butyl etherNaBH(OAc)₃=sodium triacetoxyborohydride

NHS=N-hydroxysuccinamide

NMR=nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopyPPh₃=triphenylphosphinePTLC=preparative thin layer chromatographyrac=racemic mixtureR_(f)=retardation factorRPHPLC or RP-HPLC=reverse phase high-performance liquid chromarographyRT or rt=room temperature (ambient, about 25° C.)sat or sat'd=saturatedSTAB=sodium triacetoxyborohydride (NaBH(OAc)₃)TBSCl or TBDMSCl=tert-butyldimethylsilyl chlorideTBS=tert-butyldimethylsilylTCEP. HCl=tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine hydrochloride saltTEA=triethylamine (Et₃N)TFA=trifluoroacetic acidTHF=tetrahydrofuranTLC=thin layer chromatography

Example 1

To a solution of (5-nitro-1,3-phenylene)dimethanol 3a (4.0 g, 21.84mmol) in DCM (40 mL) and DMF (5 mL) was added DIPEA (3.86 mL, 21.84mmol, 1.0 equiv.) followed by TBSCl (3.29 g, 21.84 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) asa solution in DMF (5 mL). The reaction was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h. Thereaction was quenched with sat. ammonium chloride (20 mL) and the layerswere separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with DCM (2×20 mL) andthe combined organic layers were washed with water (2×50 mL), brine,dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and solvent was removed in vacuoto give a crude yellow oil. The crude product was purified by silica gelchromatography (DCM/MeOH) to give desired product 3b (3.69 g, 12.41mmol, 57% yield). UPLCMS (2.5 min method)=1.96 min. Mass observed(ESI⁺): 298.5 (M+H)⁺.

To a solution of 3b (2.0 g, 6.72 mmol) in DMF (50 mL) was added pyridine(1.6 ml, 20.17 mmol, 3.0 equiv.) followed by methanesulfonyl chloride(1.1 mL, 13.45 mmol, 2.0 equiv.) at 0° C. The reaction was warmed to rtand was stirred for 3 h. The reaction was quenched with sat. sodiumbicarbonate (20 mL) and the layers were separated. The aqueous layer wasextracted with EtOAc (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were washedwith water (2×100 mL), brine (100 mL), dried over magnesium sulfate andfiltered. The solvent removed in vacuo and the crude material 3c (2.0 g,6.7 mmol, 94% yield) was carried crude onto the next step. UPLCMS (2.5min method)=2.22 min. Mass observed (ESI⁺): 316.7 (M+H)⁺.

To a solution of 3c (2.0 g, 6.33 mmol) in THF (38.9 mL) was added DIPEA(5.5 mL, 31.6 mmol, 5.0 equiv.) followed by HF-pyridine (2.7 mL, 19.0mmol, 3.0 equiv.) and the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 2h. The reaction was then quenched with sat. sodium bicarbonate (100 mL).The layers were separated and then the aqueous layer was extracted withEtOAc (3×20 mL). The combined organic layers were then washed with water(30 mL), brine (30 mL), dried over magnesium sulfate and filtered. Theexcess of solvent was removed in vacuo to give desired product 3d (1.1g, 5.46 mmol, 86% yield). UPLCMS (2.5 min method)=1.31 min. Massobserved (ESI⁺): 202.4 (M+H)⁺.

To a solution of 3d (1.0 g, 4.96 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) was added DIPEA(2.6 mL, 14.9 mmol, 3.0 equiv.) at 0° C. then a solution ofmethanesulfonic anhydride (1.1 g, 6.45 mmol, 1.3 equiv.) in DCM wasadded to the reaction mixture. The reaction was stirred for 1 h. Thereaction was quenched with water (10 mL) and the layers were separatedand the aqueous layer was extracted with DCM (2×20 mL). The combinedorganic layers were washed with sat. sodium bicarbonate (10 mL), brine(20 mL), dried over magnesium sulfate and filtered. The solvent wasremoved in vacuo and the crude material 3e (1.3 g, 4.65 mmol, 94% yield)was used in the next step without further purification. UPLCMS (2.5 minmethod)=1.51 min. Mass observed (ESI⁺): 280.6 (M+H)⁺.

To a solution of 3e (0.4 g, 1.43 mmol) and potassium carbonate (0.6 g,4.29 mmol, 3.0 equiv.) in DMA (13.4 mL) was added a solution of IGNmonomer A (0.46 g, 1.57 mmol, 1.1 equiv.) in DMA (2 mL) at roomtemperature and the reaction was stirred for 5 h. The reaction wasquenched with water (30 mL), the layers were separated and the aqueouslayer was extracted with EtOAc (3×30 mL). The combined organic layerswere washed with water (30 mL), brine (30 mL), dried over magnesiumsulfate and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The crude oil was purifiedover silica gel chromatography using DCM/MeOH to give compound 3f (0.37g, 0.77 mmol, 54% yield). UPLCMS (2.5 min method)=1.69 min. Massobserved (ESI⁺): 478.3 (M+H)⁺.

To a solution of 3f (0.11 g, 0.23 mmol) in DMA (3.0 mL) was addedpotassium carbonate (0.095 g, 0.69 mmol, 3.0 equiv.), followed bypotassium iodide (0.02 g, 0.11 mmol, 0.5 equiv.). A solution of reducedIGN monomer A (0.07 g, 0.25 mmol, 1.1 equiv.) in DMA (1 mL) was added.The reaction was then gently heated at 35° C. for 5 h. The reaction wasquenched with water, and the solid was filtered off. The solid wasredissolved in DCM/MeOH (20:1), washed with water, dried with magnesiumsulfate, filtered and concentrated. The crude residue (0.13 g) waspurified by RPHPLC (ACN/H₂O) to give 3g (0.063 g, 0.085 mmol, 36%yield). UPLCMS (2.5 min method)=1.79 min. Mass observed (ESI⁺): 738.3(M+H)⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆, reported as a mixture of wateradducts)¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ 8.43-8.36 (m, 2H), 8.27 (d, J=8.1Hz, 1H), 8.13-8.02 (m, 2H), 7.44-7.14 (m, 6H), 7.14-6.99 (m, 2H), 6.79(s, 0.5H), 6.56 (s, 0.5H), 6.50 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 6.39 (d, J=6.9 Hz,1H), 6.17 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 0.5H), 5.69 (s, 0.5H), 5.59 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 0.5H),5.47-5.27 (m, 4H), 5.03 (t, J=6.1 Hz, 0.5H), 4.77 (dd, J=9.1, 6.8 Hz,0.5H), 4.61 (dt, J=9.7, 5.1 Hz, 0.15H), 4.50-4.39 (m, 0.5H), 4.27 (dd,J=10.9, 4.2 Hz, 0.5H), 4.16 (td, J=9.6, 2.9 Hz, 0.5H), 3.95 (s, 0.5H),3.89-3.76 (m, 6H), 3.76-3.44 (m, 4H), 3.20-3.08 (m, 1H), 2.96 (dd,J=17.0, 4.4 Hz, 1H).

Example 2

To a solution of 3e (0.45 g, 1.61 mmol) in DMA (15.1 mL) was addedpotassium carbonate (0.67 g, 4.83 mmol, 3.0 equiv.) followed by asolution of reduced IGN monomer A (0.5 g, 1.69 mmol, 1.1 equiv.) in DMA(2 mL). The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 5 h. Thereaction was quenched with water (30 mL) and the mixture was stirred for10 min. The solid was filtered and then dissolved in DCM/MeOH (9/1, 30mL) and washed with brine (20 mL). The organic layer was separated anddried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and the solvent removed in vacuo.The crude material was purified by silica gel chromatography usingHexane/EtOAc to give compound 3h (0.28 g, 0.58 mmol, 36% yield) ascolorless oil. UPLCMS (2.5 min method)=1.82 min. Mass observed (ESI⁺):480.3 (M+H)⁺.

To a solution of 3h (0.27 g, 0.56 mmol) in DMA (10 mL) was addedpotassium carbonate (0.16 g, 1.12 mmol, 2.0 equiv.) followed bypotassium iodide (0.05 g, 0.28 mmol, 0.05 equiv.). A solution of IGNmonomer A (0.18 g, 0.62 mmol, 1.1 equiv.) in DMA (2 mL) was added to thereaction mixture at room temperature. The reaction was then stirred at40° C. for 3 h. The reaction was quenched with water (20 mL) and thesolid was filtered off and washed with water. The crude yellow solid wasdissolved in DCM/MeOH (9/1, 30 mL) and then washed with water (10 mL),dried over magnesium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removed invacuo to give a crude yellow solid. The crude product was purified bysilica gel chromatography using DCM/MeOH (0% to 5% MeOH/DCM) to give theproduct 3g as a yellow powder (0.35 g, 0.48 mmol, 86% yield). UPLCMS(2.5 min method)=1.79 min (2.5 min method). Mass observed (ESI⁺): 738.4(M+H)⁺.

Example 3

To a solution of 3f (0.15 g, 0.31 mmol) in DCE (2 mL) was added sodiumtriacetoxyborohydride (0.067 g, 0.31 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) and the reactionwas stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction was quenched withsat. ammonium chloride (1 mL) and then the layers were separated. Theaqueous layer was extracted with DCM (3×10 mL) and the combined organiclayers were washed with brine (20 mL), dried over magnesium sulfate,filtered and the solvent removed in vacuo. The crude brown oil waspurified by silica gel chromatography to give desired product 3h (0.08g, 0.16 mmol, 52% yield). UPLCMS (2.5 min method)=1.80 min. Massobserved (ESI⁺): 480.5 (M+H)⁺.

To a solution of 3h (0.07 g, 0.16 mmol) in DMA (2 mL) was addedpotassium carbonate (0.07 g, 0.47 mmol, 3.0 equiv.) followed bypotassium iodide (0.013 g, 0.08 mmol, 0.05 equiv.) and then a solutionof IGN monomer A (0.05 g, 0.17 mmol, 1.1 equiv.) in DMA (0.5 mL) wasadded. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 12 h. Water (20mL) was added to the mixture and the mixture was stirred for 10 min atwhich point the solid was filtered. The solid was solubilized in DCM (10mL) and then washed with brine (10 mL). The organic layer was dried overmagnesium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removed to obtain ayellow oil (0.09 g, 0.12 mmol, 80% yield). UPLCMS (2.5 min method)=1.79min (2.5 min method). Mass observed (ESI⁺): 738.5 (M+H)⁺.

Example 4

To a solution of 3b (1.00 g, 3.4 mmol) in DCM (33 mL) was added DIPEA(1.781 ml, 10.09 mmol, 3.0 equiv.), followed by a solution ofmethanesulfonic anhydride (0.703 g, 4.03 mmol, 1.2 equiv.) at 0° C. Thereaction was stirred for 1 h. The solvent was evaporated to give thecrude product 3j (1.2 g, 3.2 mmol, 95% yield) which was used in the nextstep without further purification. UPLCMS (2.5 min method)=2.04 min.Mass observed (ESI⁺): 376.5 (M+H)⁺.

To a solution of 3j (1.24 g, 3.30 mmol) in DMF (26 mL) was addedpotassium carbonate (0.91 g, 6.60 mmol, 2.0 equiv.) followed by IGNmonomer A (0.97 g, 3.30 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) at room temperature for 12 h.The reaction was quenched with water (60 mL) and the solid was filteredoff and then dissolved in DCM/MeOH (20/1, 20 mL). The organic layer waswashed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and filtered. Thesolvent was removed in vacuo and the crude material was purified oversilica gel chromatography to give the desired product 3k (1.3 g, 2.27mmol, 69% yield). UPLCMS (2.5 min method)=2.12 min (2.5 min method).Mass observed (ESI⁺): 574.4 (M+H)⁺.

3k (0.63 g, 1.1 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous DCE (11 mL). Sodiumtriacetoxyborohydride (0.70 g, 3.3 mmol, 3.0 equiv.) was added and thereaction mixture was stirred for 1 h at room temperature. The mixturewas quenched with sat. ammonium chloride (10 mL). The layers wereseparated and the aqueous layer was extracted with DCM (2×20 mL). Thecombined organic layers were washed with brine (20 mL), dried overanhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to obtain 3l(0.58 g, 1.0 mmol, 92% yield). UPLCMS (8.0 min method)=7.797 min (8.0min method). Mass observed (ESI⁺): 576.3 (M+H)⁺.

A solution of 3l (0.58 g, 1.0 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous THF (5mL) and 5 M aqueous hydrochloride acid solution (2.01 mL, 10.07 mmol)was added. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. Thereaction was quenched with sat. sodium bicarbonate (5 mL) and the layerswere separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with DCM (2×10 mL).The combined organic layers were washed with brine (20 mL), dried overmagnesium sulfate and concentrated to give a bright orange solid. Theresulting solid was purified by silica gel chromatography (DCM/MeOH) togive compound 3m (0.33 g, 0.71 mmol, 71% yield). UPLCMS (8.0 minmethod)=5.166 min. Mass observed (ESI⁺): 462.1 (M+H)⁺.

3m (0.1 g, 0.22 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous DCM (1.5 mL) andanhydrous DMF (0.7 mL). The reaction was cooled to 0° C. andtriethylamine (0.12 mL, 0.88 mmol) and methanesulfonic anhydride (0.08g, 0.44 mmol) were added. The reaction was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h. Thereaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (20 mL), washed withwater (2×20 mL), dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered andconcentrated. The compound was initially purified by silica gelchromatography (DCM/EtOAc) followed by additional purification byRPPHPLC (MeCN/water) to give the desired product 3n (0.041 g, 0.076mmol, 34% yield). Mass observed (ESI⁺): 540.3 (M+H)⁺.

Compound 3n (0.041 g, 0.076 mmol) and IGN monomer A (0.027 g, 0.091mmol) were dissolved in anhydrous DMA (0.5 mL). Potassium carbonate(0.012 g, 0.091 mmol) and potassium iodide (0.006 g, 0.038 mmol) wereadded and the mixture stirred for 12 h. Water (5 mL) was added to thereaction mixture. The solid was filtered off and then redissolved in DCM(20 mL) and washed with water (10 mL). After drying over magnesiumsulfate, filtration and concentration, the solid was purified by RPHPLC(ACN/H₂O) to give 3g (0.012 g, 0.016 mmol, 21% yield). UPLCMS (2.5 minmethod)=1.79 min. Mass observed (ESI⁺): 738.5 (M+H)⁺.

Compound 3g (0.017 g, 0.023 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous THF (1 mL),anhydrous MeOH (0.5 mL) and water (0.1 mL). Ammonium chloride (0.012 g,0.23 mmol, 10.0 equiv.) and iron (0.006 g, 0.115 mmol, 5.0 equiv.) wereadded. The mixture was stirred at 60° C. for 2 h. The reaction mixturewas cooled to room temp, filtered through Celite and rinsed with 20%MeOH/DCM (10 mL). The filtrate was concentrated and the crude productwas purified by silica gel chromatography (DCM/MeOH) to give compound 3oas a white solid (0.012 g, 0.018 mmol, 76% yield). UPLCMS (2.5 minmethod)=1.84 min. Mass observed (ESI⁺): 708.5 (M+H)⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz,DMSO-d6, reported as a mixture of water adducts, T=330K): δ 8.26 (d,J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 8.17 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 8.03 (d, J=4.5 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (s,1H), 7.42-7.33 (m, 2H), 7.36-7.08 (m, 4H), 7.09-6.95 (m, 2H), 6.76-6.64(m, 3H), 6.47 (s, 1H), 6.15 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 1H), 5.11 (m, 2H), 4.98 (m,2H), 4.58 (dt, J=9.9, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 4.47-4.36 (m, 1H), 3.87 (m, 1H), 3.76(s, 3H). 3.71-3.46 (m, 4H), 3.39-3.28 (m, 1H), 2.93 (dd, J=16.8, 4.7 Hz,1H).

Example 5

To a solution of 4a (5.6 g, 12.9 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) in DCM (83 mL) wasadded DIPEA (6.77 mL, 38.7 mmol, 3.0 equiv.) followed by a solution ofTBS-Cl (2.336 g, 15.50 mmol, 1.2 equiv.) in DCM (10 mL) at 0° C. Thereaction was stirred at room temperature for 3 h. The reaction wasquenched with sat. ammonium chloride (30 mL) and the layers wereseparated. The aqueous solution was extracted with DCM (2×30 mL) and thecombined organic layers were washed with water (2×50 mL), brine (50 mL),dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and the solvent removed in vacuoto give crude yellow oil. The crude product was purified by silica gelchromatography (Hexane/EtOAc) to give the desired product 4b (3.0 g,5.48 mmol, 43% yield). UPLCMS (2.5 min method)=2.29 min. Mass observed(ESI⁺): 549.0 (M+H)⁺.

To a solution of 4b (3.00 g, 5.48 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) in DMF (30 mL) wasadded pyridine (1.33 mL, 16.4 mmol, 3.0 equiv.) followed by a solutionof methanesulfonyl chloride (0.64 mL, 8.21 mmol, 1.5 equiv.) at 0° C.The reaction was stirred for 1 h and was quenched with sat. sodiumbicarbonate (30 mL), and diluted with EtOAc (40 mL). The layers wereseparated and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (2×30 mL). Thecombined organic layers were washed with water (2×40 mL), brine (40 mL),dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and the solvent was removed invacuo to give crude product 4c (2.5 g, 4.41 mmol, 81% yield). UPLCMS(10.0 min method)=8.23 min. Mass observed (ESI⁺): 567.6 (M+H)⁺.

To a solution of 4c (2.5 g, 4.41 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) in THF (43 mL) wasadded DIPEA (2.46 mL, 14.1 mmol, 4.0 equiv.), followed by HF-pyridine(1.48 mL, 10.6 mmol, 3.0 equiv.) and the reaction was stirred at roomtemperature for 2 h. The reaction was quenched with sat. sodiumbicarbonate (100 mL) and the layers were separated. The aqueous layerwas extracted with EtOAc (3×20 mL) and the combined organic layers werewashed with water (30 mL), brine (30 mL) dried over magnesium sulfateand filtered. The solvent was removed in vacuo to give desired product4d (0.9 g, 2.0 mmol, 56% yield). UPLCMS (10.0 min method)=5.20 min. Massobserved (ESI⁺): 435.4 (M+H)⁺.

To a solution of 4d (0.9 g, 2.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) in DCM (10 mL) wasadded DIPEA (0.69 mL, 3.98 mmol, 2.0 equiv.) at 0° C., followed by asolution of methanesulfonic anhydride (0.52 g, 2.99 mmol, 1.5 equiv.) inDCM (2 mL). The reaction was stirred for 1 h. The reaction was quenchedwith water (10 mL), the layers were separated and the aqueous layer wasextracted with DCM (2×20 mL). The combined organic layers were washedwith sat. sodium bicarbonate (10 mL), brine (20 mL), dried overmagnesium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removed in vacuo and thecrude material 4e (1.0 g, 1.88 mmol, 95% yield) was used in the nextstep without further purification. UPLCMS (10 min method)=5.7 min. Massobserved (ESI⁺): 531.4 (M+H)⁺.

To a solution of 4e (0.21 g, 0.39 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) in DMA (2.0 mL) wasadded potassium carbonate (0.16 g, 1.19 mmol, 3.0 equiv.) followed by asolution of reduced IGN monomer A (0.12 g, 0.41 mmol, 1.05 equiv.) inDMA (1 mL). The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 5 h. Thereaction was quenched with water (30 mL) and the mixture stirred for 10min. The solid was filtered and was dissolved in DCM/MeOH (9/1, 30 mL)and washed with brine (20 mL). The organic layer was separated and driedover magnesium sulfate, filtered and the solvent removed in vacuo. Thecrude material was purified by silica gel chromatography (Hexane/EtOAc)to give the desired product 4f (0.11 g, 0.15 mmol, 38% yield) ascolorless oil. UPLCMS (10 min method)=6.55 min. Mass observed (ESI⁺):730.9 (M+H)⁺.

A solution of 4f (0.11 g, 0.15 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) and IGN monomer A(0.053 g, 0.18 mmol) were dissolved in anhydrous DMA (1.0 mL). Potassiumcarbonate (0.041 g, 0.30 mmol) and potassium iodide (0.025 g, 0.15 mmol)were added. The mixture was stirred for 4 h at 40° C. Water (5 mL) wasadded to the reaction mixture and the solid was filtered off and thenredissolved in DCM (20 mL) and washed with water (10 mL). The organiclayer was dried over magnesium sulfate, filtration and concentrated. Thecrude solid was purified by silica gel chromatography (Hexane/EtOAc) togive 4g (0.099 g, 0.10 mmol, 66% yield). UPLCMS (10 min method)=6.38min. Mass observed (ESI⁺): 988.7 (M+H)⁺. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ8.22 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 8.12 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 8.03 (d, J=4.5 Hz, 1H),7.38-7.25 (m, 2H), 7.24 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.24-7.06 (m, 2H), 7.11-6.94(m, 1H), 6.98 (s, 1H), 6.91 (d, J=15.2 Hz, 2H), 6.79 (s, 1H), 6.45 (s,1H), 6.32 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 5.18 (q, J=12.3 Hz, 2H), 5.01 (m, 2H), 4.54(dt, J=9.7, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 4.37 (dt, J=10.6, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 3.87 (s, 3H),3.71 (s, 3H), 3.60 (m, 6H), 3.57-3.50 (m, 2H), 3.47 (qd, J=4.3, 1.0 Hz,4H), 3.47 (s, 3H), 3.42-3.33 (m, 2H), 3.32-3.16 (m, 2H), 3.21 (s, 3H),2.97-2.85 (m, 1H), 2.44 (s, 3H), 1.30 (s, 6H).

Example 6

To a solution of 4e (0.52 g, 0.98 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) and potassiumcarbonate (0.41 g, 2.94 mmol, 3.0 equiv.) in DMA (10 ml) was added asolution of IGN monomer A (0.30 g, 1.03 mmol, 1.05 equiv.) in DMA (2 mL)at room temperature and the reaction was stirred for 5 h. The reactionwas quenched with water (30 mL), the layers were separated and theaqueous layer extracted with EtOAc (3×30 mL). The combined organiclayers were washed with water (30 mL), brine (30 mL), dried overmagnesium sulfate and excess of solvent removed in vacuo. The crude oilwas purified by silica gel chromatography (Hexane/EtOAc) to give desiredproduct 4h (0.35 g, 0.48 mmol, 49% yield). UPLCMS (10 min method)=6.19min. Mass observed (ESI⁺): 728.7 (M+H)⁺.

To a solution of 4h (0.18 g, 0.25 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) in DMA (5.0 mL) wasadded potassium carbonate (0.10 g, 0.74 mmol, 3.0 equiv.) followed bypotassium iodide (0.04 g, 0.2 mmol, 1.0 equiv.). A solution of reducedIGN monomer A (0.08 g, 0.27 mmol, 1.1 equiv.) in DMA (1 mL) was addedand the reaction was then heated at 40° C. for 5 h. The reaction wasquenched with water, and then solid was filtered off. The solid wasredissolved in DCM/MeOH (20:1), washed with water, dried over magnesiumsulfate, filtered and concentrated. The crude residue was purified bysilica gel chromatography (Hexane/EtOAc) to give 4g (0.05 g, 0.05 mmol,21% yield). UPLCMS (10 min method)=6.39 min. Mass observed (ESI⁺): 989.0(M+H)⁺.

Example 7

Compound 4h (0.17 g, 0.24 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) was dissolved in anhydrousDCE (3 mL) and sodium triacetoxyborohydride (0.10 g, 0.48 mmol, 3.0equiv.) was added at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirredfor 1 h. The mixture was quenched with sat. ammonium chloride (10 mL).The layers were separated and the aqueous layer extracted with DCM (2×20mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (20 mL), driedover anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to obtain 4f(0.13 g, 0.18 mmol, 77% yield) which was used in the next step withoutfurther purification. UPLCMS (2.5 min method)=2.13 min. Mass observed(ESI⁺): 731.2 (M+H)⁺.

Compound 4f (0.19 g, 0.26 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) and IGN monomer A (0.084 g,0.28 mmol, 1.1 equiv.) were dissolved in anhydrous DMA (4.0 mL).Potassium carbonate (0.11 g, 0.78 mmol, 3.0 equiv.) and potassium iodide(0.043 g, 0.26 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) were added. The mixture was stirred for4 h at 40° C. Water (5 mL) was added to the reaction mixture. The solidwas filtered off and was redissolved in DCM (20 mL) and washed withwater (10 mL). After drying over magnesium sulfate, filtration andconcentration, the solid was purified by silica gel chromatography(Hexane/EtOAc) to give 4g (0.065 g, 0.06 mmol, 25% yield). UPLCMS (10min method)=6.38 min. Mass observed (ESI⁺): 988.7 (M+H)⁺.

Example 8

Compound 3d (0.03 g, 0.149 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) and IGN monomer A (0.046 g,0.156 mmol, 1.05 equiv.) were dissolved in THF (1.5 mL) and DMF (0.3mL). Triphenylphosphine was added (0.047 g, 0.179 mmol, 1.2 equiv.),followed by a slow addition of DIAD (0.032 mL, 0.164 mmol, 1.1 equiv.).The reaction was stirred at rt under argon for 12 h. The reactionmixture was concentrated and water (˜2 mL) was added to triturate theproduct. The precipitate was filtered and the remaining solid was washedwith water. The crude residue was purified by silica gel chromatography(hexane/EtOAc) to give compound 3f as a white yellow solid (0.013 g,0.027 mmol, 18% yield). UPLCMS (2.5 min method)=1.80 min. Mass observed(ESI⁺)=478.4 (M+H)⁺.

Example 9

Compound 3d (0.03 g, 0.149 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) and reduced IGN monomer A(0.046 g, 0.156 mmol, 1.05 equiv.) were dissolved in THF (1.5 mL).Triphenylphosphine was added (0.047 g, 0.179 mmol, 1.2 equiv.), followedby a slow addition of DIAD (0.032 mL, 0.164 mmol, 1.1 equiv.). Thereaction was stirred at rt under argon for 2 h. The reaction mixture wasconcentrated and coevaporated with toluene (2 x). The crude residue waspurified by silica gel chromatography (hexane/EtOAc) to give compound 3has a orange yellow solid (0.055 g, 0.115 mmol, 77% yield). UPLCMS (2.5min method)=1.90 min. Mass observed (ESI⁺)=480.5 (M+H)⁺.

Example 10

To a solution of compound 2y (1.0 g, 5.83 mmol, 1.1 equiv.) in ethanol(26.5 mL) was added 2-(methyldithio)isobutyraldehyde (0.838 g, 5.30mmol, 1.0 equiv.) at room temperature with continuous stirring. Themixture was cooled to 0° C. and sodium borohydride (0.24 g, 6.36 mmol,1.2 equiv.) was added in one portion and the reaction was allowed tostir at this temperature for 1 h. After 1 h, the reaction was quenchedwith sat. ammonium chloride (20 mL) and extracted with dichloromethane(3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (10 mL)and dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent was removed invacuo and the crude residue was purified via silica gel columnchromatography (dichloromethane:methanol) to give 2z (0.181 g, 0.593mmol, 11% yield). LCMS (8 min method)=5.86 min. Mass observed (ESI⁺):306.1 (M+H)⁺.

To a solution of compound 2z (0.089 g, 0.292 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) in1,2-dichloroethane (0.972 mL) was added2-(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)acetaldehyde (0.057 g, 0.35 mmol, 1.2equiv.) and magnesium sulfate (0.053 g, 0.437 mmol, 1.5 equiv.) at roomtemperature with continuous stirring. The mixture was cooled to 0° C.and a 1M solution of zinc chloride in diethyl ether (0.146 mL, 0.146mmol, 0.5 equiv.) was added followed by the addition of sodiumtriacetoxyborohydride. The reaction was allowed to warm to roomtemperature, while stirring, over a 2 h period. The reaction wasquenched with sat. ammonium chloride (5 mL) and extracted withdichloromethane (3×10 mL). The combined organic layers were washed withbrine (5 mL) and dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent wasremoved in vacuo and the crude residue was purified via ptlc(dichloromethane:methanol) to give 4d (0.014 g, 0.032 mmol, 11% yield).LCMS (8 min method)=5.96 min. Mass observed (ESI⁺): 452.1 (M+H)⁺.

1.-17. (canceled)
 18. A method of preparing a compound of formula (3a),

or a salt thereof, said method comprising the steps of: (i) introducingan alcohol protecting group onto one of the primary alcohols of acompound of formula (1a) by reacting the compound of formula (1a) withan alcohol protecting reagent,

to form a compound of formula (2a),

or a salt thereof, and (ii) reacting a halogenating reagent, asulfonating reagent or an esterification reagent with the compound offormula (2a), wherein P₁ is an alcohol protecting group; X₁ is a leavinggroup selected from the group consisting of: —Br, —I, —Cl, a sulfonateester, and an activated ester; and R₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, ornitropyridyl.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the sulfonate esterrepresented by X₁ is mesylate, tosylate, brosylate, or triflate.
 20. Themethod of claim 18, wherein the sulfonate ester represented by X₁ ismesylate.
 21. The method of claim 18, wherein the method comprisingreacting the compound of formula (2a) with a sulfonating reagent in thepresence of a non-nucleophilic base.
 22. The method of claim 21, whereinthe non-nucleophilic base is triethylamine, imidazole,diisopropylethylamine, pyridine, 2,6-lutidine, dimethylformamide,1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU), or tetramethylpiperidine. 23.The method of claim 22, wherein the non-nucleophilic base istriethylamine or diisopropylethylamine.
 24. The method of claim 21,wherein the sulfonating reagent is methanesulfonic anhydride ormethanesulfonyl chloride (MsCl).
 25. The method of claim 18, wherein themethod comprising reacting a halogenating reagent with the compound offormula (2a) and the halogenating reagent is methanesulfonyl chloride,thionyl chloride, sulfuryl chloride, bromine, hydrobromic acid, carbontetrabromide, phosphorus tribromide, potassium bromide, hydroiodic acid,iodine, carbon tetraiodide, phosphorus triiodide, sodium iodide, orpotassium iodide. 26.-57. (canceled)
 58. A method of preparing acompound of formula (Ia′),

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said method comprisingthe steps of: (1) introducing an alcohol protecting group onto one ofthe primary alcohols of a compound of formula (1a),

to form a compound of formula (2a),

(2) reacting the compound of formula (2a) with a halogenating reagent, asulfonating reagent or an esterification reagent to form a compound offormula (3a),

(3) reacting the compound of formula (3a) with a monomer compound of theformula (a₁),

to form a compound of formula (4a),

(4) reacting the compound of formula (4a) with an imine reducing agentto form a compound of formula (5a),

(5) reacting the compound of formula (5a) with an alcohol deprotectingreagent to form a compound of formula (6a),

(6) reacting the compound of formula (6a) with a second halogenatingreagent, a second sulfonating reagent or a second esterification reagentto form a compound of formula (7a),

and (7) reacting the compound of formula (7a) with a monomer compound ofthe formula (a₁),

to form the compound of formula (I′); wherein P₁ is an alcoholprotecting group; X₁ and X₂ are each independently a leaving groupselected from the group consisting of: —Br, —I, —Cl, a sulfonate esterand an activated ester; and R₁₀₁ is (C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, ornitropyridyl. 59.-78. (canceled)
 79. A method of preparing a compound offormula (Ia′),

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, said method comprisingthe steps of: (1) introducing an alcohol protecting group onto one ofthe primary alcohols of the compound of formula (1a),

to form a compound of formula (2a),

(2) reacting a halogenating reagent, a sulfonating reagent or anesterification reagent with the compound of formula (2a) to form acompound of formula (3a),

(3) reacting the compound of formula (3a) with a monomer compound of theformula (a₁),

to form a compound of formula (4a),

(4) reacting the compound of formula (4a) with an alcohol deprotectingreagent to form a compound of formula (9a),

(5) reacting a second halogenating reagent, a second sulfonating reagentor a second esterification reagent with the compound of formula (9a) toform a compound of formula (10a),

(6) reacting the compound of formula (10a) with a monomer compound ofthe formula (d₁)

to form a compound of formula (18a),

and (7) reacting the compound of formula (11a) to an amine deprotectingreagent to form the compound of formula (Ia′); wherein P₁ is an alcoholprotecting group; X₁ and X₂ are each independently a leaving groupselected from the group consisting of: —Br, —I, —Cl, a sulfonate ester,and an activated ester; P₂ is an amine protecting group; and R₁₀₁ is(C₁-C₃)alkyl, pyridyl, or nitropyridyl.
 80. The method of claim 79,wherein P₃ is H and the compound of (10a) is reacted with the monomercompound of (d₁) to form the compound of (Ia′). 81.-230. (canceled) 231.The method of claim 18, wherein the alcohol protecting group is a silylprotecting group.
 232. The method of claim 231, wherein the silylprotecting group is dimethylisopropylsilyl, diethylisopropylsilyl,dimethylhexylsilyl, trimethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl, tribenzylsilyl,triphenylsilyl, 2-norbornyldimethylsilyl, tert-butyldimethylsilyl,tert-butyldiphenylsilyl, 2-trimethyethylsilyl (TEOC), or[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methyl.
 233. The method of claim 231, whereinthe silyl protecting group is triethylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl ortert-butyldimethylsilyl.
 234. The method of claim 231, wherein the silylprotecting group is tert-butyldimethylsilyl.
 235. The method of claim231, wherein the silyl protecting group is introduced by reacting thecompound of formula (1a) with R³—Cl, R³—Br, R³—I or R³—OSO₂CF₃ in thepresence of a base, wherein R³ is dimethylisopropylsilyl,diethylisopropylsilyl, dimethylhexylsilyl, trimethylsilyl,triisopropylsilyl, tribenzylsilyl, triphenylsilyl,2-norbornyldimethylsilyl, tert-butyldimethylsilyl, ortert-butyldiphenylsilyl.
 236. The method of claim 235, wherein the baseis imidazole, triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, pyridine,2,6-lutidine, 1,8-diazabicycloundec-7-ene, or tetramethylpiperidine.237. The method of claim 235, wherein the reaction is carried out in thepresence of a catalyst selected from the group consisting of4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine and1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU).
 238. The method of claim 58,wherein P₁ is tert-butyldimethylsilyl, X₁ is —Cl, X₂ is mesylate, andR₁₀₁ is methyl.
 239. The method of claim 58, wherein P₁ istert-butyldimethylsilyl, X₁ and X₂ are each mesylate, and R₁₀₁ ismethyl.
 240. The method of claim 79, wherein P₁ istert-butyldimethylsilyl, X₁ is —Cl, X₂ is mesylate, and R₁₀₁ is methyl.241. The method of claim 79, wherein P₁ is tert-butyldimethylsilyl, X₁and X₂ are each mesylate, and R₁₀₁ is methyl.